2020-034 Urban Forest Master PlanDate: April 10, 2020 Report No. 2020-034
INFORMAL STAFF REPORT
TO MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL
SUBJECT:
Urban Forest Master Plan Update.
BACKGROUND:
The Denton Plan 2030, recommends the development of an Urban Forest Master Plan (UFMP)
to identify important tree canopy resources and include specific strategies for protection and
provisions of a more robust tree canopy. The UFMP will build on the broad goals and policies in
the Denton Plan 2030 to use an integrative approach to environmental management to create
local land conservation strategies tailored to protect Denton’s water, air, ecosystems, and natural
character.
The UFMP provides a shared vision for the future of the urban forest to inspire and engage
stakeholders, both internally and externally, in the care, management, and protection of Denton’s
urban forest. The UFMP serves as a guide for managing, enhancing, and growing Denton’s
urban forest and the community tree resource over the next 20 years. While the primary focus of
the UFMP is on the stewardship of the community tree resource, it also considers private trees as
they contribute significantly to Denton’s livability and environmental quality.
While the City has completed urban tree canopy assessments and an i-Tree Eco assessment in the
past, the UFMP is a first for Denton and complements the Denton 2030 Plan, the Parks,
Recreation Master Plan, and the Sustainable Denton Plan. The plan is the second in the DFW
Metroplex behind Plano, although Dallas is currently also developing a plan. Other cities that
have Urban Forrest Master Plans are Austin, TX; Charlotte, NC; Minneapolis, MN; Portland,
OR; Sacramento, CA; Seattle, WA, and Washington DC. American Forest recognizes all of these
cities as one of the ten best U.S. cities for urban forests.
CONCLUSION:
The Urban Forest Master plan lays the groundwork for a more holistic approach to managing
Denton’s urban forest. The Parks, Recreation and Beautification Board approved the plan after
seeing the presentation on February 2, 2020. A draft of the UFMP is provided and will be
presented to City Council for consideration on a date to be determined.
STAFF CONTACT:
Haywood Morgan
Urban Forester, Parks and Recreation
Haywood.Morgan@cityofdenton.com
REQUESTOR:
Staff Initiated
Date: April 10, 2020 Report No. 2020-034
PARTICIPATING DEPARTMENTS:
Parks and Recreation Department
STAFF TIME TO COMPLETE REPORT:
Parks and Recreation Department 3 hours
URBAN
FOREST
MASTER
PLAN
THE
CITY
OF
TEXAS
1 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
The planting of a tree, especially one of the
long-living hardwood trees, is a gift which you
can make to posterity at almost no cost and
with almost no trouble, and if the tree takes
root it will far outlive the visible effect of any
of your other actions, good or evil.
GEORGE ORWELL
Texas Urban Forest Master Plan 3
PREPARED BY:
Davey Resource Group, Inc.
1500 NORTH MANTUA STREET
KENT, OH 44240
DAVEYRESOURCEGROUP.COM
PREPARED FOR:
City of Denton
901-B TEXAS STREET
DENTON, TX 76209
CITYOFDENTON.COM
TEXAS
Mayor and City Council
Mayor Chris Watts
Gerard Hudspeth,
Mayor Pro Tem/District 1
Keely G. Briggs,
District 2
Jesse Davis,
District 3
John Ryan, District 4
Deb Armintor,
At Large Place 5
Paul Meltzer,
At Large Place 6
City Administration
Todd Hileman,
City Manager
Mario Canizares,
Deputy City Manager
Sara Hensley,
Assistant City Manager
Acknowledgments
City of Denton City Council
City of Denton City Staff
Photo Credits: City of Denton
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
Special thanks to Community Participants
Davey Resource Group, Inc.
Urban Forest Master Plan
Parks, Recreation & Beatification Board
Frances Punch,
Chair – Council Place 7
Denona Lee,
Council Place 1
Kent Boring,
Council Place 2
Alana Presley Taylor,
Council Place 3
David Shuck,
Council Place 4
George Ferrie,
Council Place 5
James Emerich,
Council Place 6
Parks and Recreation
Gary Packan,
Director of Parks & Recreation
Laura Behrens,
Assistant Director of Parks & Recreation
Drew Huffman,
Parks Superintendent
Haywood Morgan, Jr.,
Urban Forester
Russel Koch,
Parks Manager
Craig Arrington,
Parks Manager
Marshall McGee,
Parks Field Supervisor
Teresa Abrams,
formerly Parks Field Supervisor
City Staff
Josh Mullen,
Fire/Community Services
Lancine Bentley,
Fire/Community Services
Pam Alumm,
Engineering-Transportation
Marc Oliphant,
Engineering Transportation
Daniel Kremer,
Public Works-Streets and Drainage
Clark Rosendahl,
Public Works-Streets and Drainage
Keith Gabbard,
formerly Public Works-Streets and Drainage
Tracy Beck,
Engineering-CIP
Doug Breon,
Denton Municipal Electric
Bradley Watts,
Denton Municipal Electric
Daniel Howington,
Denton Municipal Electric
Billy Ewton,
Development Services/Bldg Inspections
Sean Jacobson,
Development Services/Planning
Karina Maldonado,
formerly Development Services/Planning
Carly Weld,
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
Autumn Natalie,
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
Julie Anderson,
formerly Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
City Staff (continued)
Sarah Luxton,
Water Utilities
Joetta Dailey,
Water Utilities/Environmental Services
Deborah Viera,
Water Utilities/Environmental Services
Christi Upton,
Water Utilities/Environmental Services
Brian Boerner,
Solid Waste
Sarah Kuechler,
Public Affairs
Ryan Adams,
Public Affairs
Community Stakeholders
Christa Crowe,
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc. Board
David W. Lehde,
Dallas Home Builders Association
Lee Allison,
Denton Community Developers Alliance
Matt Grubishich,
Texas Trees Foundation
Micah Pace,
Preservation Tree Services
Special Thanks to Community Participants
Acknowledgments 5Texas
Scope & Purpose
The Urban Forest Master Plan (UFMP) serves as a
guide for managing, enhancing, and growing Denton’s
urban forest and the community tree resource over the
next 20 years. Whereas the urban forest includes all of
the trees and woody shrubs in Denton, the community
tree resource is comprised of publicly managed trees
along streets, in parks, and at City facilities. While
the Plan is primarily focused on the stewardship of
the community tree resource, the Plan also considers
private trees because they contribute significantly to
Denton’s livability and environmental quality.
In summary, the Plan aims to:
• Recognize best management practices that
promote tree health, maximum benefits, and
community safety
• Promote community outreach, engagement, and
advocacy for the urban forest
• Develop a more cohesive organizational structure
to facilitate collaboration among all departments
and staff who impact or affect the urban forest
• Nurture an ethic of stewardship for the urban
forest among City staff, community organizations,
businesses, and residents
• Increase health and resiliency in the urban forest
by improving species diversity and by managing
pests and invasive species
• Establish baseline metrics and clear goals
for urban forest managers
The Plan includes short-term actions and long-range
planning goals to promote sustainability, species
diversity, and greater canopy cover. The Plan suggests
reasonable time frames for achieving goals, based on
available resources and community support.
Urban Forest Master Plan
Table of Contents 7
• SCOPE & PURPOSE
• EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
What Do We Have?
What Do We Want?
How Do We Get There?
How Are We Doing?
• INTRODUCTION
Community
History of Denton
Tree and Canopy Benefits
Air Quality
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Stormwater Management & Water Quality
Energy Savings
Health, Aesthetic, & Socioeconomic Benefits
Wildlife
Calculating Tree Benefits
WHAT DO WE HAVE?
History of Urban Forestry in Denton
Post Oaks and Development
Wildfire
Urban Forest Resource
Tree Canopy
The Urban Forest Program
Services
Program Funding
Summary of Annual Funding
Tree Fund
Regulations and Policies
Federal and State Law
Denton Municipal Code
2012 Simply Sustainable Denton
Denton Plan 2030
Denton Mobility Plan – 2012 Denton Bike Plan
Denton Parks, Recreation and Trails Master Plan
Denton Municipal Electric Brochure
Conclusion
WHAT DO WE WANT?
Managing Partners
Community Partners
Community Meeting
Plan, Goals, and Actions
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
HOW DO WE GET THERE?
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
HOW ARE WE DOING?
Monitoring
Annual Plan Review
Resource Analysis
Canopy Analysis
Community Satisfaction
Reporting
State of the Urban Forest Report
APPENDICES
Appendix A: References
Appendix B: Acronyms
Appendix C: Industry Standards
Appendix D: Soil Volume & Tree Stature
Appendix E: Alternative Planter Designs
6 16
31
36
60
61
8
10
Table of Contents
Texas
How are
we doing?
What do
we want?
What do
we have?
How do
we get there?
What Do We Have?
The plan development process involved a
comprehensive review and assessment of
the existing urban forest resource, including
composition, value, and environmental benefits
(Table 1). The process explored community values
and vision, including those expressed in guiding
documents, including the Denton Plan 2030,
Denton Mobility Plan, Simply Sustainable Plan,
City Ordinance, state law, and other regulatory
and policy documents.
The process evaluated funding for current service
levels, including programs coordinated by local
nonprofit organization Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
(KDB). In addition to Park Staff, there are multiple
stakeholders, internal and external, who play a
role in the planning, design, care, and advocacy
of the urban forest. These stakeholders include
City departments, utility providers, nonprofit
organizations, Denton County, the Texas Trees
Foundation, Denton Community Development
Alliance, the Dallas Builders Association, and
community members. Each of these stakeholders
played a role and provided input for the
development of this Plan.
Denton’s Urban Forester works closely with
other City departments to protect, preserve, and
manage the City’s trees. Trees in parks, around
City facilities, and along some arterial roadways
are maintained by park staff and contracted crews
as needed. Park staff provide clearance, visibility
pruning, and emergency response on a reactive
basis. Contractors are generally used for larger
trees and unique situations. A newly revised and
adopted Denton Development Code, promotes
the inclusion of trees into new development to
encourage the expansion of tree canopy. Tree
canopy cover goals are relative to zoning and
range from 40% to 50% in residential areas and
15% to 20% in industrial areas. Additionally, the
Denton Development Code established the Tree
Fund which has contributed to the purchase of
land to preserve existing stands of trees and new
tree plantings. The partnership with KDB has kept
a long-standing tradition of celebrating Denton as
the “Redbud Capital of Texas” and Arbor Day alive
through community-wide tree planting events and
tree giveaways, which have resulted in the planting
of more than 7,000 trees since 2016.
With the support of City Council, KDB, and a
dedicated Urban Forester, Denton is poised to
develop a comprehensive urban forestry program
that ensures community vision for a healthy,
aesthetically pleasing, and environmentally
beneficial urban forest.
What Do We Want?
The review process identified challenges and
opportunities for Denton’s urban forest. One of
the biggest threats to trees in Denton is ongoing
development and the loss of large, mature trees to
make room for new buildings and infrastructure.
Denton’s urban forest includes an estimated 3.5
million trees that contribute greatly to the aesthetics
of the community. The urban forest also provides
valuable and critical services to the community
including benefits to air quality, carbon dioxide
reductions, water quality, stormwater management,
energy savings, health benefits, and wildlife habitat,
and socioeconomics. The Urban Forest Master Plan
(UFMP) is a road map which provides long-term
management goals and a timeline to effectively
preserve and enhance the environmental and
socioeconomic benefits provided by this critical
component of infrastructure.
The Plan’s structure is based on the understanding
of what we have, what we want, how we get there,
and how we are doing. This structure is known as
adaptive management, which is commonly used
for resource planning and management (Miller,
1988) and provides a good conceptual framework
for the process of improving urban forest
management.
Executive Summary
8 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Executive Summary 9
and increased monitoring and proactive risk
management when they become mature. Deferring
maintenance at any stage can have a significant
effect on the overall health, structure, value, and
lifespan of a tree. In addition, deferred maintenance
often results in higher costs and less beneficial
results, including increased risk potential. As a
result, the Plan identifies goals and actions for
optimizing urban forest programming, existing
funding, staffing, and urban forest policy.
How Do We Get There?
The Plan identifies three focus areas and nine
goals for preserving the health, value, services,
and sustainability of Denton’s urban forest. Each
of these goals is supported by comprehensive
objectives and actions. Recognizing that
community engagement is integral to success,
the Plan includes firm objectives for engaging
the community and encourages partnership and
collaboration.
How Are We Doing?
The long-term success of the Plan will be
measured through the realization of Plan goals
and demonstrated through increased value and
environmental services from the urban forest. The
Plan identifies methods of measurement, priorities,
potential partners, and estimated costs. Since
the Plan is intended to be a dynamic tool, it can
and should be updated in response to available
resources and opportunities. One of the greatest
measures of success for the Plan will be its level
of success in meeting community expectations for
the care and preservation of Denton’s urban forest.
In addition to removal of existing trees, the
construction process can be detrimental to soil,
through compaction and removal or redistribution
of topsoil. The loss of organic matter and soil
structure can precipitate a decline in existing
trees, especially native oak species, and negatively
impact new tree establishment and mortality rates.
Many of the species that have been historically
successful in the region are no longer thriving
in urbanized locations. Currently, Denton has
an average canopy cover of 27.9% (2016 State
of Denton Urban Forest Report). A focus on the
preservation of existing mature trees and canopy
will help to ensure that the community continues
to receive a stable flow of benefits from the urban
forest resource.
In neighborhood areas, the City currently does
not provide maintenance to public trees in the
right-of-way (ROW). The Denton Development
Code mandates that property owners adjacent to
ROW trees are responsible for their maintenance
including pruning for clearance and visibility,
irrigating, and removal. Because most homeowners
are unaware and/or do not have the resources to
employ best management practices for tree care,
the result of this policy is that this vital public
resource is subjected to various levels of tree care
that often lead to poor tree health and structure
as well as risk to people and property. The plan
development process identified an opportunity to
explore the costs and benefits of having the City
assume responsibility and maintenance for all
public trees.
Trees are living organisms, constantly changing
and adapting to their environment and increasing
in size over time. Because of this, trees have
specific needs at various life stages, including
training for proper structure when they are young
$1.3 MILLION
2
Denton’s Urban Forest Benchmark Values
URBAN TREE CANOPY COVER (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, 2016)
URBAN FOREST RESOURCE (PUBLIC AND PRIVATE, 2016)
Annual Canopy Benefits (Public and Private, 2016)
Overall Canopy Cover 28%1
Estimated Total Number of Trees 3.5 MILLION TREES
Annual Carbon Sequestration 23,000 TONS $3.1 MILLION
Impervious Surfaces 45%
Replacement Value $344 MILLION
Annual Air Quality 404.9 TONS $759,000
Canopy Benefits (Public and Private, 2016)
Unique Species 46
Annual Stormwater 151.1 MILLION GALLONS
Carbon Stored to Date 458,000 $61 MILLION
Prevalence of Top Ten Species 82%
Number of Species Exceeding 10%2
Annual Energy $1.6 MILLION
1 Adjusted by City Staff from the State of the Denton Urban Forest Report, 2016.
Table 1: Urban Forest Benchmark Values
$1.3 MILLION
Texas
Goal 1: Efficiently manage the community tree resource.
Goal 2: Promote tree health and good structure.
Goal 3: Mitigate and reduce risk of wildfire.
A safe and healthy
urban forest
Primary Objectives:
• Improve understanding of the structure and composition of
Denton’s community tree resource.
• Following completion of a tree inventory, develop pruning and
maintenance cycles.
• Continue to use planting funds successfully.
• Explore the feasibility of the City taking responsibility for the
maintenance of community trees in neighborhoods.
• Revise policies and standards for pruning young trees to
promote healthy growth and structure.
• Ensure community trees are maintained according to industry
standards to promote tree health, longevity, and also public safety.
• Contribute to a fire safe community.
Goal 4: Recognize trees as green infrastructure.
Goal 5: Promote tree preservation and protection.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
Goal 7: Adopt Plant Health Care (PHC) policies.
Sustain
environmental benefits
Primary Objectives:
• Minimize the encroachment of other utilities.
• Develop maintenance and design strategies for mitigating
conflict with otherwise healthy trees.
• Ensure design standards adequately consider trees.
• Revise and amend the Code of Ordinances to promote
the protection of community trees.
• Continue to contribute mitigation fees to the Tree Fund.
• Mitigate the impacts of development on native post oak
stands.
• Educate the community about their role in maintaining
a safe urban forest.
• Achieve 40% canopy cover by 2040.
• Promote species diversity in the urban forest.
• Encourage equitable distribution of tree canopy across the City.
• Set emphasis on planting the right tree in the right place.
• Encourage the expansion of the urban forest through tree
plantings on private property.
• Support stormwater management through the strategic
growth of canopy.
• Monitor invasive species.
Goal 8: Support community engagement and stewardship
of the urban forest.
Goal 9: Celebrate the importance of urban trees.
Engage the community to ensure
the future of the urban forest
Primary Objectives:
• Develop and maintain a web page for the Urban Forestry
Division on the City website.
• Interact with community members through a variety of outlets.
• Maintain Tree City USA.
Urban Forest Master Plan Focus Areas
10 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Introduction
Denton’s humid subtropical climate is characterized
by high temperatures and consistent rainfall
throughout the year (Denton, Texas, 2019). On
average, Denton experiences summer highs of 96°F
and average winter lows of 33°F. The average annual
precipitation is 38.1 inches (U.S. Climate Data, 2019).
Denton is located on the southern edge of “Tornado
Alley” and occasionally experiences tornadoes.
Other extreme weather events such as hail and
flash flooding are more common occurrences.
Community
The Redbud Capital of Texas, Denton is located
on the northern edge of the Dallas-Fort Worth
Metroplex. Standing prominently on Hickory
Street, the Denton County Courthouse reflects the
essence that is Denton; balancing the demands of
urbanization with preservation of the past.
History of Denton
The Wichita, Comanche, Kiowa, and Caddo tribes are
the first known people to call the area that is now
Denton “home”. Archaeologists have determined that
native peoples have been a part of North Texas for
thousands of years prior to the arrival of the Spanish
Conquistadors (Cochran, 2013).
1800s
Following the Texas’ declaration of Independence
from Mexico in 1836, there were not permanent
settlers. The first settlers of present-day Denton
settled about a mile southeast of the present-day
town center along the Pecan Creek and named the
settlement Pinckneyville in honor of Texas’s first
governor, James Pinckney Henderson (Cochran,
2013; Adopt a Town: Pinckneyville (Denton)).
Historians dispute whether a courthouse was ever
built in Pinckneyville; however, some accounts
suggest that court was held under a large oak tree
(Cochran, 2013).
In 1857, as a result of the donation of 100 acres
of land and requests from county residents for
a more centralized location, Denton became the
county seat for Denton County (Cochran, 2013).
Both the City and the County were named in honor
of John B. Denton (a preacher, lawyer and Texas
militia captain) among the earliest settlers in the
area (Bates, 1918). Additionally, many of the original
street names were based on the trees native to the
county (Denton Landmark Commission).
Before and after the Civil War, Denton remained a
small subsistence agricultural community. In 1881,
Denton experienced some growth with the arrival
of the Texas and Pacific Railway. Without an east-
west connection, there was no further expansion of
the town, which kept Denton a small railroad town
(Odom, 1991).
1900s
By the beginning of the 20th century, both North
Texas Normal College (now the University of North
Texas) and the Girl’s Industrial College (now Texas
Woman’s University) were established. Both of
these colleges greatly contributed to the character
of Denton that remains to this day (Odom, 2019).
In fact, Denton’s annual Redbud Festival is rooted
in the Texas Woman’s University festival which
celebrated campus beautification and tree
plantings from 1930 to 1984.
Population growth was moderate until the 1960’s.
It then majorly increased with the construction
of I35-E and I-35W connections to the Dallas-
Fort Worth Metroplex. The building of Dallas/
Fort Worth International Airport in 1974 further
contributed to the population expansion of
Denton. Larger manufacturing companies began
establishing themselves through the 1990’s when
the population had reached 80,537 (Odom, 1991).
Like many other cities in the 21st century, a
renewed interest in urban revitalization began
to shape some of the historic downtown by
preserving historic and cultural areas including
the Oak/Hickory Historical District (which was
designated as a historical district in 1985) (History
of Denton).
2000s
By 2000, Denton reached a population of 80,537
people according to the “Texas Almanac: City
Population History from 1850-2000”. In 2010,
Business Insider published an article rating
Denton as the Best Small Town in America due to
its friendliness, endless entertainment options,
food options, and patriotism (Berlinger, 2012). In
2018, the approximate population was 138,541
(an estimated increase of 19% from 2010) (U.S.
Census, 2019). This up-and-coming community
continues to attract development with numerous
economic opportunities, affordable housing, and
a state-of-the-art transportation system; making
it one of the fastest growing communities in the
Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex (Hill, 2015).
Affectionately called the “Lil’ d”, Denton offers easy
accessibility to the amenities of the “Big D” (Dallas).
It is often characterized as a college town with the
charm of a small town and a historic downtown.
Denton has an expansive live music scene with
a world-renowned Arts and Jazz Festival and
numerous small music venues across the City
(Discover Denton).
Denton is a community that values the environment,
which is evident through the Clear Creek Natural
Heritage Center, Denton Community Market, Shiloh
Field Community Garden, as well as involvement in
Bee City USA, Monarch City USA, and Tree City USA
national programs. Clear Creek Natural Heritage
Center is a gateway to more than 2,900 acres of
bottomland hardwood forest, upland prairie, and
diverse aquatic habitats. Located within Lake
Lewisville’s upper floodplain and managed by the
City of Denton, it provides residents and visitors with
unmatched ecological, educational, and recreational
opportunities. The Denton Community Market is
a local farmers market that operates during the
summer. Shiloh Field Community Garden, the largest
community garden in the United States, is operated
by Denton Bible Church. It encompasses 14.5 acres
with 152 plots with fruit trees, berries, chickens,
honeybees, and vineyard. It provides products to
fourteen different organizations and ministries
throughout Denton (Dallas News, 2014; Shiloh Field
Community Garden, 2019). Denton is recognized
as a (1) Bee City USA, an initiative of the Xerces
Society to raise awareness about pollinator decline
and encourage healthy habitat in urban areas (The
Xerces Society, Inc., 2018), (2) Monarch City USA,
a program lead by a non-profit to promote planting
milkweeds and nectar plants that encourage
monarch development (Monarch City USA, 2019),
and (3) Tree City USA, an initiative of the Arbor Day
Foundation to green urban areas through enhanced
tree planting and care (Arbor Day Foundation, 2019).
Introduction
Texas 11
Air Quality
Trees improve air quality in five (5) fundamental ways:
• Lessening particulate matter (e.g., dust and
smoke)
• Absorbing gaseous pollutants
• Providing shade and transpiring
• Reducing power plant emissions by decreasing
energy demand among buildings
• Increasing oxygen levels through
photosynthesis
Trees protect and improve air quality by
intercepting particulate matter (PM10), including
dust, pollen, and smoke. The particulates
are filtered and held in the tree canopy until
precipitation rinses the particulates harmlessly
to the ground. Trees absorb harmful gaseous
pollutants like ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Shade and transpiration
reduce the formation of O3, which is created at
higher temperatures. Scientists are now finding
that some trees may absorb more volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) than previously thought (Karl,
2010; McPherson and Simpson, 2010). VOCs are
carbon-based particles emitted from automobile
exhaust, lawnmowers, and other human activities.
Stormwater Management &
Water Quality
Trees and forests improve and protect the quality
of surface waters, such as creeks and rivers, by
reducing the impacts of stormwater runoff through:
• Interception
• Increased soil capacity and infiltration rate
• Reduction in soil erosion
Trees intercept rainfall in their canopy, which
acts as a mini-reservoir (Xiao et al, 1998). During
storm events, this interception reduces and slows
runoff. In addition to catching stormwater, canopy
interception lessens the impact of raindrops on
barren soils. Root growth and decomposition
increase the capacity and rate of soil infiltration
by rainfall and snowmelt (Xiao et al, 1998). Each
of these processes greatly reduces the flow and
volume of stormwater runoff, avoiding erosion
and preventing sediments and other pollutants
from entering streams, rivers, and lakes. Urban
stormwater runoff is a major source of pollution
for surface waters and riparian areas, threatening
aquatic and other wildlife as well as human
populations. Requirements for stormwater
management are becoming more stringent and
costly. Reducing runoff and incorporating urban
trees in stormwater management planning
have the added benefit of reducing the cost of
stormwater management, including the expense of
constructing new facilities necessary to detain and
control stormwater as well as the cost of treatment
to remove sediment and other pollutants.
Carbon Dioxide Reduction
As environmental awareness increases,
governments are paying more attention to the
effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and
concerns about climate change. As energy from
the sun (sunlight) strikes the Earth’s surface,
it is reflected into space as infrared radiation
(heat). Greenhouse gases absorb some of
this infrared radiation and trap this heat in the
atmosphere, increasing the temperature of the
Earth’s surface. Many chemical compounds in
the Earth’s atmosphere act as GHGs, including
methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon
dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and human-made
gases/aerosols. As GHGs increase, the amount
of energy radiated back into space is reduced
and more heat is trapped in the atmosphere. An
increase in the average temperature of the earth
can result in changes in weather, sea levels, and
land use patterns, as well as localized changes
that impact the suitability of some trees and other
plant species to a specific region. In the last 150
years, since large-scale industrialization began,
the levels of some GHGs, including CO2, have
increased by 25% (Greenhouse Gases’ Effect on
the Climate, 2018).
Trees and forests reduce atmospheric carbon
dioxide CO2 in two ways:
• Directly, by reducing CO2 in the atmosphere
through growth and sequestration of CO2 in
woody and foliar biomass.
• Indirectly, by lowering the demand for
energy and reducing CO2 emissions from the
consumption of natural gas and the generation
of electric power.
Tree and Canopy
Benefits
Trees in the urban forest work continuously
to mitigate the effects of urbanization and
development as well as protect and enhance lives
within the community. Healthy trees are vigorous,
producing more leaf surface and canopy cover
area each year. The amount and distribution of
leaf surface area are the driving forces behind
the urban forest’s ability to produce services for
the community (Clark et al, 1997). Services (i.e.
benefits) include:
• Air quality improvements
• Carbon dioxide reductions
• Water quality improvements
• Energy savings
• Health, aesthetic, and socioeconomic benefits
• Wildlife
• Enhanced soil health
Introduction
If a post oak were planted near a building, in
Denton, and lived for at least 20 years, over
its lifetime it will have sequestered 849 lbs of
CO2(make subscript), intercepted 2,575 gallons of
rainfall, avoided 289 gallons of stormwater runoff,
intercepted 5.9 lbs of air pollutants, conserved
691 kWh of electricity, and reduced heating
consumption by 14 therms. -i-Tree Design
URBAN FOREST FACT
12 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Introduction
Energy Savings
Urban trees and forests modify climate and
conserve energy in three principal ways:
• Producing shade for dwellings and hardscape
reduces the energy needed to cool the building
with air conditioning (Akbari et al, 1997)
• Tree canopies engage in evapotranspiration,
which leads to the release of water vapor from
tree canopies and cools the air (Lyle, 1996)
• Trees in dense arrangements may reduce mean
wind speed and solar radiation below the top
of the tree canopy by up to ~90% compared to
open areas (Heisler and DeWalle, 1988)
An urban heat island is an urban area or
metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than
its surrounding rural areas due to human activities.
Trees reduce energy use in summer by cooling the
surrounding areas. Shade from trees reduces the
amount of radiant energy absorbed and stored
by hardscapes and other impervious surfaces,
thereby reducing the heat island effect, a term that
describes the increase in urban temperatures in
relation to surrounding locations. Transpiration
releases water vapor from tree canopies, which
cools the surrounding area. Evapotranspiration,
alone or in combination with shading, can help
reduce peak summer temperatures by 2 to 9°F
(1 to 5°C) (Huang et al, 1990). The energy saving
potential of trees and other landscape vegetation
can mitigate urban heat islands directly by shading
heat-absorbing surfaces, and indirectly through
evapotranspiration cooling (McPherson, 1994).
Individual trees through transpiration have a
cooling effect equivalent to two average household
central air-conditioning units per day or 70 kWh
for every 200 L of water transpired (Ellison et al,
2017). Studies on the heat island effect show that
temperature differences of more than 9°F (5°C)
have been observed between city centers without
adequate canopy cover and more vegetated
suburban areas (Akbari et al, 1997).
Trees also reduce energy use in winter by
mitigating heat loss, where they can reduce wind
speeds by up to 50% and influence the movement
of warm air and pollutants along streets and out
of urban canyons. Urban canyons are streets
flanked by dense blocks of buildings, affecting
local conditions, such as temperature, wind, and
air quality. By reducing air movement into buildings
and against conductive surfaces (e.g., glass and
metal siding), trees reduce conductive heat loss
from buildings, translating into potential annual
heating savings of 25% (Heisler, 1986).
Three trees properly placed around the home
can save $100–$250 annually in energy costs.
Shade from trees significantly mitigates the
urban heat island effect - tree canopies provide
surface temperature reductions on wall and roof
surfaces of buildings ranging from 20-45°F and
temperatures inside parked cars can be reduced
by 45°F. Reducing energy use has the added bonus
of reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from
fossil fuel power plants.
Texas 13
give an additional 77 million people a 1° C (1.8° F)
reduction in maximum temperatures on hot days
(McDonald et al, 2016).
Several studies have examined the relationship
between urban forests and crime rates. Park-like
surroundings increase neighborhood safety by
relieving mental fatigue and feelings of violence
and aggression that can occur as an outcome
of fatigue (Planning the Urban Forest: Ecology,
Economy, and Community Development, 2009).
Research shows that the greener a building’s
surroundings are, the fewer total crimes. This is
true for both property crimes and violent crimes.
Landscape vegetation around buildings can
mitigate irritability, inattentiveness, and decreased
control over impulses, all of which are well
established psychological precursors to violence.
Residents who live near outdoor greenery tend to
be more familiar with nearby neighbors, socialize
more with them, and express greater feelings of
community and safety than residents lacking
nearby green spaces (Planning the Urban Forest:
Ecology, Economy, and Community Development,
2003). Public housing residents reported 25%
fewer domestic crimes when landscapes and trees
were planted near their homes (Kuo, 2001). Two
studies (one in New Haven, CT and the other in
Baltimore City and County, MD) found a correlation
between increased tree coverage and decreased
crime rates, even after adjusting for a number of
other variables, such as median household income,
level of education, and rented versus owner-
occupied housing in the neighborhoods that
were studied (Gilstad-Hayden et al, 2015; Troy
et al, 2012).
A 2010 study investigated the effects of exposure
to green space at school on the academic success
of students at 101 public high schools in southern
Michigan (Matsuoka, 2010). The study found a
positive correlation between exposure to nature
and student success measured by standardized
testing, graduation rate, percentage of student
planning to go to college, and the rate of criminal
behavior. This trend persisted after controlling
for factors such as socioeconomic status and
race or ethnicity. Conversely, views of buildings
and landscapes that lacked natural features were
negatively associated with student performance.
Health, Aesthetic, &
Socioeconomic Benefits
Exposure to nature, including trees, has a positive
impact on human health and wellness through
improvements in mental and physical health,
reductions in crime, and academic success.
A study of individuals living in 28 identical high-
rise apartment units found residents who live near
green spaces had a stronger sense of community
and improved mental health, coped better with
stress and hardship, and managed problems more
effectively than those living away from green space
(Kuo, 2001). In a greener environment, people
report fewer health complaints (including improved
mental health) and more often rate themselves as
being in good health (Sherer, 2003). Other research
has revealed lower incidence of depressive
symptoms in neighborhoods with greater access to
green space (Jennings & Gaither, 2015).
Trees shade impervious surfaces and prevent
the sun’s rays from hitting them, thus reducing
heat storage and later release, which contribute
to the urban heat island effect. Tall trees that
create a large shaded area are more useful than
short vegetation. Trees also contribute to cooler
temperatures through transpiration, increasing
latent heat storage (the sun’s energy goes to
convert water from its liquid to vapor form)
rather than increasing air temperature (sensible
heat). According to a study conducted by the
Nature Conservancy, it is estimated that trees
have the potential to reduce summer maximum
air temperatures by 0.9 to 3.6° F. Trees help to
address public health concerns for both heat and
air quality. Globally, an annual investment of $100
million in planting and maintenance costs would
Introduction
Denton
If a bald cypress were planted near a building
and lived for at least 20 years, it would have
sequestered 544 lbs of CO2(subscript).
- i-Tree Planting
URBAN FOREST FACT
14 Urban Forest Master Plan
Wildlife
Trees provide important habitat for birds, insects
(including bees), and other animal species. Their
greatest contributions include:
• Preservation and optimization of wildlife habitat
• Natural corridors for increased movement and
dispersal
Furthermore, trees and forest lands provide critical
habitat (for foraging, nesting, spawning, etc.) for
mammals, birds, fish, and other aquatic species.
Trees can offer pollinators a valuable source of
flowering plants. With an array of flowering trees that
provide pollen and nectar in the urban forest, bees
are provided with additional food sources. Increasing
tree species diversity and richness contributes to
greater numbers of bird species among urban bird
communities (Pena et al, 2017). Wooded streets
potentially function as movement corridors, allowing
certain species—particularly those feeding on the
ground and breeding in trees or tree holes—to fare
well by supporting alternative habitat for feeding
and nesting (Fernandez-Juricic E. 2001). Greater
tree density also contributes to bat activity in urban
environments and improves outcomes for both birds
and bats (Threlfall et al, 2016).
Restoration of urban riparian corridors and
their linkages to surrounding natural areas has
facilitated the movement of wildlife and dispersal
of flora (Dwyer et al, 1992). Usually habitat
creation and enhancement increase biodiversity
and complement other beneficial functions of the
urban forest. These findings indicate an urgent
need for conservation and restoration measures to
improve landscape connectivity, which will reduce
extinction rates and help maintain ecosystem
services (Haddad et al, 2015).
Soil Health
Urban soils are typically altered with man-made
building materials. Although tree establishment
may be difficult in highly compacted, significantly
altered, or poor soils, establishing urban trees
improves soil quality in numerous ways, including:
• Increased available carbon for microorganisms
• Increased soil microbial biomass
• Reduced erosion and greater water holding
capacity
• Enhanced soil nutrients and organic matter
• Decreased soil compaction and soil bulk density
Trees shed leaves, branches, and root materials
that subsequently decompose and incorporate
nutrients and organic matter into the soil (Oldfield et
al, 2014). Furthermore, tree root exudates aid in soil
aggregation. Not only do these processes increase
the available nutrients in the soil, but they also create
habitat for beneficial soil microbes (Grayston et al,
1997). Trees also increase water infiltration rates
of soil through rainfall interception and altering the
physical properties of the soil (Uthappa et al, 2015).
Calculating Tree Benefits
Communities can calculate the benefits of their
urban forest by using a complete inventory
or sample data in conjunction with the USDA
Forest Service i-Tree software tools. This
state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed software suite
considers regional environmental data and costs
to quantify the ecosystem services unique to a
given urban forest resource.
Individuals can calculate the benefits
of trees to their property by using i-Tree
Design. (www.itreetools.org/design)
Introduction 15Texas
the Initiative, to engage the community KDB offers
trees and educational programming through the
Denton Redbud Festival, Trees Mean Business,
City of Denton Tree Rebate Program, Children’s
Arbor Day, Tree Your Block, and Citizen Forester (a
volunteer training program).
The Tree Fund, established in 2004, is funded
by developers when trees are removed for
development projects, to mitigate the loss of the
tree through preservation and planting efforts
elsewhere in Denton.
To further support the urban forest, in 2008, the
first urban forester was hired for the City.
In 2015, City Council approved $350,000 for a
series of tree plantings. The plantings were so well
received by the community that the Council then
expanded the funding to allow for an additional 535
trees to be planted along existing trails and City
maintained properties (Newsletter of the ISA Texas
Chapter, 2016). As a result of these plantings the
City has received Community Forestry Awards in
2016 and 2018 from the Texas AM Forest Service
and the Texas Chapter of the International Society
of Arboriculture. In total, approximately 1,510 trees
were planted because of the increase in funding.
In 2016, the City, in partnership with Preservation
Tree, the Texas Tree Foundation and Plan-It Geo,
conducted an i-Tree Eco assessment, which
resulted in the publication of the 2016 State of
Denton Urban Forest Report.
Post Oaks & Development
Sometimes called the “Royal Oak”, this native species is the predominant species of the Dallas
Fort Worth Metropolitan Area. It was noted by early European explorers that the post oak was a
major species in the Post Oak Savannah Region of Texas (The Post Oaks, 2019). Post oak (Quercus
stellata) are a slow-growing oak which produce a dense wood, which historically has been used as
fence posts and railroad ties, hence the name (Turner, 2010).
The clay nutrient deficient soils and high heat of North Texas make the region a challenging place
for many species of trees to grow. Post oak are uniquely well-adapted to the region with heat
tolerance, low water requirements, and resistance to decay (Stransky, n.d.). Post oak trees provide
habitat for nesting birds, as well as, provide acorns, which are a valuable food source for wildlife
including wild turkey, white-tailed deer, squirrels, and other animals (Stransky, n.d.).
In Denton, post oak trees are a valued part of the urban forest. Around the year 2003, the Tree
Preservation Ordinance was established in response to the removal of mature post oak trees after
ground was broken on a new development. Following this ordinance, a tree committee was created
to be an advisory group to review ordinances.
On the University of North Texas campus there are over 3,000 post oak trees. The campus is actively
undergoing tree preservation efforts to preserve the trees (Post Oak Tree Preservation at UNT, 2018).
In recent years, there has been a notable decline of post oak, especially in urban areas, in North
Texas (Texas Agriculture Daily, 2016). Symptoms reported to Texas Extension include: rapid
chlorosis and necrosis throughout the entire crown, dead tree leaf retention, and groups of dead or
dying trees (McBride and Appel, 2019). While, the death of these trees appeared to be rapid decline,
Texas Extension believe that symptoms are likely observable months before the collapse of a tree
and suggest that numerous environmental factors are contributing to the decline, including the 2011
drought and unseasonal flooding which promotes certain outbreaks of diseases and pests, and
problems associated with urban development (McBride, 2019).
Post oak have shallow root systems which make the trees particularly sensitive to soil compaction,
drainage changes, and soil disturbance (Gilman and Watson, 1994). Construction can be especially
impactful on a root system, through excavation, compaction from heavy equipment, soil grade
changes, and drastic changes in soil drainage.
To mitigate the impact of construction activities on post oak, prevention and planning are critical
for protecting this sensitive species. For any type of construction (new sidewalks, driveways,
remodeling, updates to underground utilities, etc.), a certified arborist should be consulted during
the design and planning phases to determine whether the tree may withstand the impacts of the
given project or if alterations to design can be made to avoid impacts.
History of Urban
Forestry in Denton
Trees have always been integral to the people of
Denton. The Native Americans of the region used
the native post oak for medicinal purposes. The
acorns produced by the trees were used as a food
source (Thomas, 2009).
The 73rd Texas State Legislature designated
Denton as the “Redbud Capital of Texas” in 1993
(Texas State Library and Archives Commission,
2019). In continuation of the tradition of annual
celebrations of beautification and tree plantings set
forth by Texas Woman’s University, Keep Denton
Beautiful, Inc (KDB) began the annual Redbud
Festival. This festival is regularly celebrated on
National Arbor Day through events, workshops, and
free tree giveaways.
The City’s first Arbor Day was in 1990. In 1991
the City received the designation as a “Tree City
USA” city. Denton also received eight Tree City
USA Growth Awards for demonstrating progress
in its community forestry program, including
environmental improvements and achieving higher
levels of tree maintenance.
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc (KDB), a nonprofit
organization that engages Dentonites in projects
which promote a beautiful and clean Denton,
founded in 1987 (State of the Denton Urban Forest
Report, 2016). The Denton Tree Initiative is among
the organization’s many community improvement
campaigns, in partnership with the City, which is
geared towards promoting the planting of trees on
private property. Since the Initiative began in 2015,
KDB has planted 1,743 trees through a partnership
with the City and community members. As part of
What do we have?
16 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Wildfire
Wildfires in Texas may not garner the same media
attention that California or other western states
receive, but wildfires are not an uncommon
occurrence. As recent as 2018, according to the
Texas A&M Forest Service, 894 fires were fought
(Dawson, 2018). Drought in 2011, spurred one of
Texas’s worst years for fire, with 3,312 fires fought
by the Texas A&M Forest Service, and the infamous
Bastrop County Complex fire, the most destructive
wildfire in Texas History (Texas Parks & Wildlife,
n.d.). Denton County had a 200-acre fire flare up
in Flower Mound in 2018 but was quickly brought
under control (Associated Press & Kera News, 2018).
The occurrence of a wildfire is influenced by the
current climatic conditions (temperature, humidity,
wind) other environmental factors such as the
type of surrounding vegetation, fuel structure
and moisture content. Much of the Western
United States experiences hot, dry summers, and
communities are adjacent to forested areas that are
adapted to wildfires. The Wildland Urban Interface
(WUI) describes a transition zone where homes are
located on the edge of fire prone areas. There is an
increased risk of personal injury or property damage
resulting from a wildfire in the WUI.
Texas A&M Forest Service has an online Texas
Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal, which has
interactive mapping, which provides members
of the public to review their communities risk
of wildfire, the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI)
present within their community, Wildfire Ignition
Density, and a WUI Response Index. The mapping
features indicate that Denton, like many other parts
of the state, have areas within the City limits with
heightened vulnerabilities to fire.
To have a more fire adapted community, there
must be support to locate WUI areas at risk of
wildfire and engage in risk reduction activities
(Cooke et al, 2016). In 2012, less than 10% of
communities at risk of fire had a Community
Wildfire Protection Plan (CWPP) in place (Jakes et
al, 2012). Whether preparing by creating a CWPP or
other community planning, the steps outlined need
to be in the context of the community, consider
the resources available, and generate a network of
support for implementation of best management
practices (Jakes et al, 2012).
To better mitigate the risk of wildfire in communities
in Texas, Texas A&M Forest Service has mitigation
and preparedness programs to educate and
assist communities on managing their wildfire risk.
Texas A&M Forest service have WUI specialist that
work with community leaders to develop detailed
Community Wildfire Protection Plans.
Drought
Drought conditions will inevitably occur in Denton.
Therefore, soil moisture should be monitored around
trees in order to ensure adequate moisture. To
support tree health, mature trees should be watered
one to two times per week in the summer depending
on the soil type (sandy soils require more frequent
watering than clay soils). Newly planted trees should
be watered more often (Clatterbuck and Tankersley,
n.d.). Every time a newly planted tree is watered, it
should receive 10-20 gallons of water depending on
the size of the root ball.
What do we have?17Texas
Urban Forest Resource
The development of the Plan included a review of
the 2016 State of the Denton Urban Forest Report,
which included an urban tree canopy assessment
and i-Tree Eco analysis. Both assessments included
an assessment of trees on both public and private
property, as there is no inventory of publicly
managed trees.
Tree Canopy
Tree canopy is the layer of leaves, branches, and
stems of trees and other woody plants that cover
the ground when viewed from above. Understanding
the location and extent of tree canopy is critical to
developing and implementing sound management
strategies that will promote the smart growth and
resiliency of Denton’s urban forest and the invaluable
services it provides. A tree canopy assessment
provides a bird’s-eye-view of the entire urban forest
and includes consideration of tree canopy along
with other primary land cover, including impervious
surface, bare soils, and water. This information helps
managers better understand tree canopy in relation
to other geospatial data, including:
What do we have?
Figure 1: Historic Change in Canopy Cover in Denton from 2008 to 2018
0%2008
20.4%
2014
22.6%
2018
27.9%
5%
15%
20%
25%
30%
10%
18 Urban Forest Master Plan
HISTORIC CHANGE
The State of the Denton Urban Forest report (2016)
analyzed canopy cover change between 2008
(20.4%) and 2014 (22.6%). During this time canopy
cover increased from 20% to 23%. It increased
again between 2014 and 2018 from 23% to 28%.
While the change in canopy cover suggests that
trees grew significantly over that period, much
of the changes in canopy cover are more likely
attributed to the annexation of forested land
within the City. Development continues to threaten
existing trees and has reduced the overall canopy
cover in the developed areas of the City. Growth of
tree canopy cover will likely be unable to keep up
with the rate of development and those land use
zones identified as undeveloped land are an area
where canopy cover could be heavily impacted.
• Distribution of tree canopy within the
community
• Geopolitical patterns in canopy distribution
• Identification of potential planting areas
The analysis does not distinguish between trees on
public and private property since the benefits of trees
extend beyond property lines. The information can be
used to explore tree canopy in conjunction with other
available metrics, including geography, land use, and
community demographics. This data also establishes
a baseline for assessing future change.
Denton
What do we have?19
LAND COVER SUMMARY
Denton encompasses over 116 square miles
(74,492 acres). According to the 2016 State of the
Denton Urban Forest Report, Denton has 22,540
acres of tree canopy or 28% of the overall land
cover. The following characterizes land cover in
Denton:
• 45% (33,321 acres) low-lying vegetation
• 14% (10,506 acres) impervious surface,
including roads, parking lots, and structures
• 17% (7,394 acres) bare soil
• 1% (730 acres) open water
• 38,028 possible planting acres to achieve a
maximum of 52% canopy cover
• 458,000 tons of stored carbon in woody and
foliar biomass of trees
• $7.2 million in total annual environmental benefits
provided by both public and private trees
Map 1: Aerial Map of Denton
Texas
What do we have?
20 Urban Forest Master Plan
TREE CANOPY BY LAND USE
Canopy cover can vary widely across different land
use. In Denton, single-family residential areas have
the highest level of canopy cover among land use
designations with 45% canopy cover. Undeveloped
land has a canopy cover of 38%, followed by a
35% canopy cover for parks and open space. In
contrast, commercial land use designations have
a canopy cover of 12%.
Figure 2: Difference in Canopy Cover by Land Use
2008
20.4%
22.6%
27.9%
<1%
<1%
1%
1%
1%
3%
4%
5%
10%
28%
46%
0%10%20%30%40%50%
Government
Religious
Commercial
Infrastructure
Institutional
Multi-Family Residential
Parks & Open Space
Agriculture
Industrial
Single-Family Residential
Undeveloped
Canopy Cover (%)Land Use ClassCanopy Cover (%)Land Use Class
0%10%20%30%40%50%
Denton
Map 2: Planting Priority
in Denton
Texas What do we have?21
PLANTING PRIORITY
The planting priority analysis considered site
design and environmental factors, including
proximity to hardscape, canopy fragmentation,
soil permeability, slope, and soil erosion factors
to prioritize planting sites on both public and
private property for the greatest potential return
on investment. Potential plantable areas can be
determined by excluding pervious areas that are
unsuitable for planting (e.g., agricultural fields
and sports fields) and including impervious areas
where trees could feasibly be added (parking lot
islands, along sidewalks, and near road edges).The
analysis identified an estimated 32,009 acres on
public and private land where additional trees could
be planted in Denton, where 1,796 acres are high
or very high priority planting areas. Site visits are
necessary to determine suitability as well as the
actual number of planting sites.
This analysis provides a snapshot of current
conditions. Current canopy cover in Denton is
approximately 28%. If all available planting sites
were planted, the potential canopy cover could be
as high as 87%. However, it is important to note
that this estimate for a potential canopy cover does
not account for planned development. Therefore,
the actual potential canopy cover is likely much
lower. Furthermore, the current canopy cover,
combined with the estimated potential, can assist
in establishing a realistic canopy cover goal.
While available planting sites may ultimately be
planted over the next several decades, the trees
that are planted should be planned for areas of
greatest need and where they will provide the
most benefits and return on investment. Further
analysis could identify areas where trees and
other vegetation could help reduce the effects
of urban heat islands, reduce stormwater runoff,
and increase equitable distribution of canopy
across the City and provide benefits to currently
underserved areas.
Sugarberry 21%
Cedar elm 18%
Post oak 9%
Honey locust 8%
Honey mesquite 7%
American elm 6%
Eastern red cedar 5%
Green ash 4%
Shumard oak 3%
Boxelder 1%
Other species 18%
Although cedar elms exhibit some resistance
to Dutch elm disease (DED) compared with
American elm (Ulmus americana), cedar elm is still
susceptible to this devastating disease (Sallee,
2011). In the event of infestation of DED, Denton
could potentially lose 24% of the urban forest
(cedar elm and American elm).
While the exact species distribution of Denton’s urban
forest is unclear, oak species are well represented
in the community and may be an overrepresented
genus in the overall community, possibly in excess of
20% of the overall population. Oak wilt, an infectious
vascular disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis
fagacearum, is one of the most destructive tree
diseases in the United States and is considered
an epidemic in central Texas (Texas A&M Forest
Service, 2019a). Both red and white oak species are
susceptible to this disease (Denton has both types)
and could potentially impact a significant portion of
Denton’s community trees.
The i-Tree Eco assessment estimates that of the
46 species observed in the 250 plot samples, only
two species (less than 1% of the overall population)
were noted as being invasive to Texas, including:
chinaberry (Melia azedarach), and Chinese tallow
tree (Sapium sebiferum) (Texas Department of
Agriculture, 2013). In contrast, most of Denton’s
tree species, an estimated 96%, are native to the
State of Texas.
SPECIES DIVERSITY
Maintaining species diversity in an urban forest
is essential. Dominance of any single species or
genus can have detrimental consequences in the
event of storms, drought, disease, pests, or other
stressors that can severely affect a public tree
resource and the flow of benefits and costs over
time. Catastrophic pathogens, such as Dutch elm
disease (Ophiostoma ulmi), emerald ash borer
(Agrilus planipennis), Asian long-horned beetle
(Anoplophora glabripennis), invasive shot hole
borer (Euwallacea sp.), and sudden oak death
(Phytophthora ramorum) are some examples
of unexpected, devastating, and costly pests
and pathogens that highlight the importance of
diversity and the balanced distribution of species
and genera.
In light of significant pests and diseases, many
cities are opting to increase diversity to improve
resilience. The widely used 10-20-30 rule of thumb
states that an urban tree population should consist
of no more than 10% of any one species, 20% of
any one genus, and 30% of any one family (Clark et
al, 1997). While this rule does ensure a minimum
level of diversity, it may not encourage enough
genetic diversity to adequately support resilience.
Therefore the 10-20-30 rule should be considered
a minimum goal. Managers should always strive
to increase the range of representation among
species and genera within an urban forest.
An i-Tree Eco assessment was conducted as part
of the 2016 study, which estimated that the most
prevalent species in Denton, for both private and
public property, is sugarberry (Celtis laevigata, 21%)
followed by cedar elm (Ulmus crassifolia, 18%). Both
species exceed the general rule that no single species
should represent 10% of the urban forest resource
(Figure 2).
What do we have?
Figure 2: Estimated Species Distribution
22 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
% of Population DBH Class
23What do we have?
RELATIVE AGE DISTRIBUTION
Age distribution can be approximated by
considering the DBH range of the overall inventory
and individual species. Trees with smaller
diameters tend to be younger and those with larger
DBH are usually more mature. Age distribution
can be a key indicator of the needs of an urban
forest. If a forest is dominated by more mature
trees, these trees tend to need more maintenance
to preserve and may be at risk from aging out of
the canopy. Though these trees tend to provide the
most benefits in terms of canopy coverage, it is
important to have sufficient trees in younger age
categories to replace aging trees. Having a properly
distributed forest by age is essential to preserving
the future of Denton’s canopy.
The urban forest’s age distribution is a key
indicator and driver of maintenance needs. With
Denton’s public tree resource, the age distribution
reveals that 88% of trees are 12-inches or less DBH
and almost 2% of trees are larger than 24-inches
DBH (Figure 3).
Young trees are an essential component of the
longevity of Denton’s urban forest, as 58% of
sampled trees were measured at less than 6-inches
DBH. Some of these trees young trees may be
medium or large-stature tree species which is a
positive indicator for future benefits from the urban
forest, since large shade trees typically provide more
shade, pollutant uptake, carbon sequestration, and
rainfall interception than small trees.
Additionally, young trees have an opportunity
to benefit from structural training, the selective
pruning of small branches to influence the future
shape and structure of a young tree, which can
prevent costly structural issues and branch failures
as these young trees mature into their final size in
the landscape.
Over 40% of trees in the sample were of
intermediate age with a DBH between six to
24-inches. Similarly, these trees would also benefit
from structural pruning. With proper care, these
trees may turn into mature trees and provide
significant environmental and community benefits
for the City.
The sample indicates that almost 2% of the overall
sampled population is comprised of trees greater
than 24-inches DBH. In other words, there are
fewer large mature trees in Denton when compared
to younger trees. Managers have an opportunity to
regularly inspect and provide routine maintenance
to preserve mature trees as long as possible;
allowing younger trees time to grow, so that when
larger trees begin to decline the benefits provided
by younger trees are optimized.
Figure 3: Age Distribution of Sampled Trees in Denton
0%
0–3 3–6 6–12 12–18 18–24 24–30
Ideal Age Distribution
Denton Sampled Trees
>30
5%
15%
20%
25%
35%
30%
10%
Texas
Carbon Sequestered and Avoided $3,511,837 48.90%
Energy Savings $1,561,304 21.74%
Stormwater Management $1,350,000 18.80%
Air Quality $759,000 10.57%
BENEFITS
The benefits provided by the urban forest are
dependent upon the species, age (size), and
condition of the tree population. The urban forest
is the one component of urban infrastructure that
has the potential to increase in value over time
and with proper care.
In Denton, the estimated 3.5 million trees within
the community are providing $7.2 million in annual
benefits (Figure 4). A real potential exists for
urban forest benefits to substantially increase
over time as Denton’s young population of trees
mature. Currently, this resource provides the
following benefits:
Air Quality
Net annual air quality improvements, as a result
of decreased ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM10),
provided by public trees are valued at $759,000.
Energy Savings
Through shading and modification of their
immediate environment, Denton’s public trees
reduce annual electricity needs by 19,117
megawatts and natural gas use by -52,906 therms,
for a total benefit of $1.6 million.
Stormwater Management
Denton’s 3.5 million trees intercept more than 151
million gallons of stormwater annually, protecting
ground and surface water supplies from harmful
pollutants, for a total value of $1.3 million annually.
Carbon Reduction
By converting carbon into woody and foliar
biomass, Denton’s 3.5 million trees currently
sequester 23,000 tons of carbon per year, valued
at $3.1 million annually. An additional 3,400 tons
of CO2 is avoided through decreased energy use,
resulting in a net value of $452,000.
What do we have?
Figure 4: Annual Benefits of Denton’s Estimated
3.5 Million Trees
Denton24Urban Forest Master Plan
What do we have?
Services. Per the Denton Development Code,
pruning for clearance and visibility are the
responsibility of the adjacent property owner, but
this work is sometimes contracted out for trees
within the right-of-way that pose safety concerns.
Occasionally the Urban Forester works with the
Water Service Administration to mitigate impacts
from development and non-permitted activities in
Environmental Sensitive Areas.
Public Works is responsible for street, sidewalk,
and stormwater drainage system maintenance and
in instances where trees are a source of conflict
with infrastructure, the Urban Forester is asked for
recommendations on how to fix or mitigate the
issue. The Engineering Department communicates
with the Urban Forester on Capital Improvement
Projects (CIP) if trees may be impacted by the
design and the Urban Forest provides suggestions
on how to preserve existing trees.
The Urban Forestry Division has numerous pieces
of equipment necessary for providing care to City-
maintained trees. The Department has a 17-year-
old bucket truck with a 90-foot boom capacity.
Additionally, the Department has two chippers, both
less than ten years old.
The Urban Forest Program
Within the Parks and Recreation Department,
the Urban Forestry Division is staffed exclusively
by the Urban Forester. The Urban Forester is
responsible for the following maintenance
activities for street trees:
• Maintain clearance and visibility along City
streets and in parks and open space
• Emergency response (clearing tree debris from
parks and public property)
• Response to service requests (parks, trails,
and center medians)
• Dead and hazardous tree removal
• Design review
• Tree planting
• Pest management
• Community engagement
While Denton is fortunate to have a full-time
Urban Forester, who is highly trained and skilled in
arboriculture and urban forest management, due
to lack of internal resources, most tree work is
conducted by contractors on an as-needed basis.
This differs from other cities within the Dallas-Fort
Worth metroplex that have tree crews such as
Carrolton, Dallas, Fort Worth, and Plano.
The Urban Forester regularly consults with other
City Departments to find solutions for preserving
existing trees in the urban landscape and to
address drainage concerns. Requests to maintain
clearance above streets, sidewalks, and alleyways
are addressed by Community Improvement
PARKS AND RECREATION
DEPARTMENT
PARK MAINTENANCE
DIVISION
URBAN FORESTRY
DIVISION
Texas 25
Services
CLEARANCE AND VISIBILITY
Community Improvement Services receives
complaints on a regular basis about tree clearance
issues. Primarily these complaints come from other
City Departments. The standard of clearance that
is required by the Development Code to maintain is
13.5 vertical feet over streets, 7 vertical feet above
sidewalks, and 12 vertical feet above alleyways.
Pruning can affect the growth rate of a tree. When
trees are young, pruning should primarily be
used to promote good structure. Heavy pruning
of young trees can result in structurally weak
waterspouts (upright, sucker-like shoots emerging
on the trunk or branches). While it is important
to maintain clearance and visibility, for young or
newly established trees pruning to maintain these
standards may not be conducive to overall health
or for promoting good structure. In such instances
where a young or newly established tree is violating
these standards, the Urban Forester will primarily
focus on creating vertical clearance in drive lanes
and maintaining clearance to allow for parked cars.
For mature trees, the Urban Forester coordinates
with Community Improvement Services to address
safety-related pruning or requests for tree removals.
With limited funds, minimal proactive maintenance
activities are primarily addressed through
contractors.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE
Through coordination within the Parks
Maintenance Division, tree debris in parks and
other City facilities following storm events and
response to immediate hazards is completed with
the assistance of Park Maintenance Staff. The
Streets Division addresses tree debris in streets.
TREE PLANTING
Currently, tree plantings occur through Keep
Denton Beautiful, Inc. (KDB) events such as the
Community Tree Giveaway, Tree Your Block events,
and Arbor Day events including the annual Denton
Redbud Festival, Children’s Arbor Day, and the
City’s inaugural Texas Arbor Day in 2019. Planting
incentive programs like Citizen Forester Training
Program, the Tree Rebate Program, and Trees
Mean Business also contribute to community tree
plantings. Additional tree plantings are completed
by contractors. Between 2016 and 2018, Parks and
KDB planted and distributed 9,629 trees.
Through the Denton Tree Initiative, KDB started
an ambitious campaign to mitigate deforestation
by 12,000 trees by 2019. While the programming
associated with the Initiative was successful at
increasing education and engagement, the goal
of planting 12,000 trees proved to be a challenge.
Challenges associated with achieving the goal of
planting 12,000 trees included the cost of irrigation,
the overall cost to plant each tree (average cost for
planting a 3-inch caliper tree was $400), and the
lack of willing participants with adequate planting
space on private land.
Additionally, the Urban Forester collaborates
with the City Landscape Architect and Park
Maintenance Irrigation Technicians to design
new park spaces and ensure proper placement,
planting, and irrigation installation for all newly
planted trees.
What do we have?
COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT AND OUTREACH
One of Keep Denton Beautiful’s main goals is to provide
educational outreach and resources to teach residents
about proper tree planting and care. Between 2016-
2019, Keep Denton Beautiful (KDB) staff and volunteers
provided outreach at 166 events, workshops, and
presentations and brought educational awareness to
an estimated 22,350 attendees.
During the annual Denton Redbud Festival, Keep
Denton Beautiful, Inc. provides educational seminars
on tree care and free or reduced cost trees for
community members who attend the classes. KDB
coordinates volunteer Citizen Foresters through the
Community Citizen Forester Training Program, a
semester-long training designed by Cross Timbers
Urban Forestry Council.
Citizen Foresters attend seven full-day trainings over
a six-month period and are mandated to complete
a set number of tree-specific volunteer hours every
year to maintain their designation. Citizen Foresters
assist in various volunteer planting events in Denton.
The Urban Forester is looking to expand the Citizen
Forester Program to include conducting corrective
pruning for park trees.
In November 2018, to celebrate Texas Arbor Day
and promote the Denton Tree Initiative, KDB hosted
a mini tree giveaway at the City’s inaugural Heritage
Festival. 100 free trees were given to Denton
residents and free classes about native trees and
tree care were offered.
26 Urban Forest Management Plan Denton
Dutch elm disease
In Dutch elm disease (DED), beetle vectors carry a
fungal pathogen (Ophiostoma ulmi and Ophiostoma
novo-ulmi) that causes the vascular disease. The
pathogen blocks the flow of water and nutrients
throughout the tree, which quickly causes leaf
yellowing and wilting before the tree dies. The
pathogen can also move from infected individuals
to conspecific neighbors through root grafts.
Dutch elm disease has devastated American elm
populations, killing over 40 million elm trees since
its introduction into the United States in the 1930s
(D’Arcy, 2000). This disease is an ongoing threat to
Denton’s elm populations. Prioritizing preventative
measures such as regular inspections, ample
watering to increase tree vigor, and pruning out dead
branch material (D’Arcy, 2000) have helped maintain
elms as street trees in many western communities.
Oak wilt
There are many overlaps between oak wilt and
DED as they are both beetle vectored vascular
diseases that can also be spread through
root grafts. Oak wilt is caused by the fungus
Ceratocystis fagacearum. Oak wilt is one of the
most destructive tree diseases in the United States
and is considered an epidemic in central Texas
(Texas A&M Forest Service, 2019a). All ages and
sizes of oaks can be impacted. Red oaks, including
live oaks, are highly susceptible to this disease and
typically die two to four weeks after infection. In
contrast, white oaks are much less susceptible, and
in many cases survive an infection.
The City of Denton and Keep Denton Beautiful
promote available tree planting programs and
resources by using websites, printed mailings,
electronic newsletters and e-blasts, utility bill
inserts, press releases, postcard mailings, social
media, printed flyers and posters, outreach events,
and TV ads.
To promote the Tree Rebate Program, an incentive
program that provides residents with $50 rebates
for qualifying tree purchases, printed flyers, posters,
and tree tags are printed and distributed to five local
nurseries. In 2017, KDB staff visited these nurseries
during peak sales times to collect surveys and
promote the program to shoppers.
DTV
Denton has a government access channel, where
residents can receive information about local
happenings. Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc. promotes
their annual Community Tree Giveaway and all
other tree planting programs on the channel.
PEST MANAGEMENT
Similar to all urban forests, Denton’s urban forest
experiences pest and disease problems (Integrated
Pest Management (IPM) update, 2018). As Denton is
in close proximity to large urban centers and a highly
mobile population, there is also a risk of future pest
introductions. This, coupled with the current changes
in climate, make the community vulnerable to pests
and diseases. Although some diseases such as Dutch
elm disease (DED) and oak wilt are not new threats to
the area, they are still of significant concern. Potential
pests and diseases that are of most concern to the
community forest include:
Granulate ambrosia beetle
The granulate ambrosia beetle (Xylosandrus
crassiusculus) was first detected in South Carolina
in the 1970s and has since spread to multiple
states, including east Texas. This beetle feeds
on heartwood tissues. Secondary cankers can
also form on the bark where beetle entrance and
exit wounds occur. The ambrosia beetle has the
potential to colonize healthy or stressed trees
(Atkinson et al, 2000), and has a large hardwood
host range. Known hosts in the United States
include: Acer (maple); Albizia (albizia); Carya
(hickory); Cercis (redbud); Cornus (dogwood);
Diospyros (persimmon); Fagus (beech); Gleditsia
or Robinia (locust); Juglans (walnut); Koelreuteria
(goldenrain tree); Lagerstroemia (crape myrtle);
Liquidambar (sweetgum); Liriodendron (tulip
poplar); Magnolia (magnolia); Populus (aspen);
Prunus (cherry); Pyrus (pear); Quercus (oak);
and Ulmus (elm) (Cole, 2008).
Emerald ash borer
To date, the emerald ash borer (EAB; Agrilus
planipennis) has killed hundreds of millions of
ash trees making it the costliest introduced
forest pest in North America (Emerald Ash Borer
Information Network, 2019). EAB was documented
in northeastern Texas in 2016 and was recently
found north of Fort Worth. Counties nearby (Cass,
Harrison, and Marion) and adjacent (Tarrant) to
Denton County are under quarantine regulations
that restrict the movement of infested ash wood.
With the threat of EAB, it is important for Denton to
avoid planting additional ash trees. All species of
Fraxinus (ash) are susceptible to EAB.
What do we have?27Texas
Tree Removals Management
Tree Maintenance Tree Planting and Initial Care
Utility Line Clearance
Utility Line Clearance
$569,095
49.5%
Tree Planting and Initial Care
$293,165
25.5%
Tree Maintenance
$141,772
12.3%
Management
$130,819
11.4%
Tree Removals
$13,907
1.2%
Program Funding
Stable and predictable funding is critical to
effective and efficient management of the urban
forest. Trees are living organisms, constantly
growing and changing over time and in response to
their environment. There are a number of factors
that affect tree health and structure, including
nutrition, available water, pests, disease, wind, and
humidity. While it might seem like most changes
to trees take a long time to occur, some specific
maintenance is critical at certain stages of life. For
instance, young trees benefit greatly from early
structural pruning and training. Minor corrections
that are simple can be applied with low costs
when a tree is young. However, if left unattended
they can evolve into very expensive structural
issues and increase liability as trees mature (at
which point it may be impossible to correct the
issue without causing greater harm). Over mature
trees often require more frequent inspection and
removal of dead or dying limbs to reduce the risk of
unexpected failure. A stable budget allows urban
forest managers to program the necessary tree
care at the appropriate life stage when it is most
beneficial and cost effective.
Summary of Annual Funding
The average annual budget to care for Denton’s
public trees is $1.1 million (based on budgetary
records from 2016-2018). Between 46 to 54%
of funds are dedicated to maintaining utility line
clearance, which is provided by Denton Municipal
Electric (DME). Tree planting and initial care makes
up between 25-30% of annual budgets. Contractors
provide tree trimming services for trees in the public
right-of-way (trees located in center medians or
other areas not directly adjacent to private property),
approximately $50,000 annually. Parks receives 35
to 41% of annual funds. The remainder is divided
between Planning, Community Improvement
Services Capital Improvement Projects, and Keep
Denton Beautiful, Inc (Figure 5).
What do we have?
Tree Fund
The Tree Fund supports programming to increase
and maintain the public tree resource. With
estimated average deposits of $275,000, the funds
are used to purchase, plant, maintain, inventory,
and plan the urban forest. In addition, they allow for
preserving natural forested areas. The Tree Fund
also supports Denton Tree Initiative programs such
as the Tree Rebate Program, Trees Mean Business,
and Tree Your Block, which are programs designed
to provide or plant native and adapted tree species
on private property. It also supports educational
programs to educate the community residents and
developers about the benefits and value of trees.
28 Urban Forest Management Plan
Figure 5: Funding for Denton’s Public Tree Resource, Fiscal Year 2018-2019
Denton
SOLAR SHADE - TEXAS
About twenty-four states, including Texas, have solar
access laws that limit Homeowner’s Associations
(HOAs) from banning solar panels. These laws
override the HOA contract that restricts solar
installation. There are two types of solar access
rights that protect a homeowner’s right to install
solar: solar access laws and solar easements. Both
protect property owners’ rights to harness energy
from the sun but address different concerns.
In Texas, an HOA cannot legally prohibit a homeowner
from installing solar on their property. While these
laws protect a homeowner from being denied their
right to install solar, HOAs still have the ability to place
restrictions on where and how it is installed.
Texas Property Code 202.010 states that HOAs are
not allowed to include or enforce provisions within
their regulations, covenants, or by-laws that prohibit
or restrict homeowners from installing a solar energy
device. While this protects a homeowner’s right to
utilize solar energy, there are still several caveats
that allow HOAs to regulate the installation of solar
panels in certain situations. The law also stipulates
that the HOA may designate where the panels should
be located on the roof (a way around that is for the
homeowner to show that the designation hinders the
performance of the solar panels).
Regulations and Policies
Federal and State Law
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
Signed in 1973, the Endangered Species Act provides
for the conservation of species that are endangered
or threatened throughout all or within a significant
portion of their range, as well as the conservation of
the ecosystems on which they depend.
The listing of a species as endangered makes
it illegal to “take” (i.e., harass, harm, pursue,
hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, collect, or
attempt to do these things) that species. Similar
prohibitions usually extend to threatened species.
MIGRATORY BIRD TREATY ACT (MBTA)
Passed by Congress in 1918, this Act defines that
it is unlawful to pursue, hunt, take, capture, kill,
possess, sell, purchase, barter, import, export, or
transport any migratory bird, or any part, nest, or
egg or any such bird, unless authorized under a
permit issued by the Secretary of the Interior.
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act can impact forestry
operations during times when birds are nesting, which
may delay work in order to avoid violating the MBTA.
Texas is quickly becoming a leader in the nation
at adopting solar technologies and Denton is one
of the early adopters of renewable technologies
and policy within the state (SEIA, 2019). Denton,
after Georgetown, is the second city in Texas to
announce a goal of 100 percent renewable energy
by the year 2020. This new goal updates the
Renewable Denton Plan where the original goal
was to use 70% renewables by the same year.
Denton’s utility company, Denton Municipal Electric
(DME), is a municipally owned utility (MOU)
that serves most of the City’s needs. An MOU
is different from an investor owned utility (IOU)
where customers have decision making power to
decide where they purchase power from (Hoisch,
2019). The flexibility of a MOU combined with
decreasing prices of solar and other renewable
technologies (Mahajan, 2018) allows for Denton
to take ownership of their utilities, diversify their
sources of energy, and utilize cleaner technologies
that allow for them to be a more resilient city.
The University of North Texas is also a leader of
integrating renewable energy credits for parts
of the Denton campus as well as the Discovery
Park campus.
What do we have?29Texas
DENTON PLAN 2030
The Denton 2030 Plan provides a vision for the
extended future of Denton. The Plan places a
strong emphasis on the viability of the urban forest
by defining clear goals to protect and enhance
greenspace. Citizens and stakeholders consistently
see Denton’s tree canopy as a critical part of
the future of the community. They identified the
urban forest as a dynamic component that can
improve resident’s quality of life when considered
in future planning. In this Plan, urban forests are
factored into urban design principles that support
sustainability and build community character, and
the community goals to enhance the conservation
and preservation of natural resources in Denton.
DENTON DEVELOPMENT CODE
Denton Development Code (updated April 2019)
has 7 subchapters that provide considerations
for trees or forested areas, including: Subchapter
2, Subchapter 3, Subchapter 4, Subchapter 6,
Subchapter 7, Subchapter 8, and Subchapter 9.
Subchapter 2: Administration and Procedures
Subchapter 2 provides alternative plans for
Environmentally Sensitive Areas when development
plans do not meet the established development
standards provided in Subchapter 7.
Subchapter 3: Zoning Districts
Subchapter 3 considers the preservation of
forested lands in some zoning districts.
Subchapter 4: Overlay and Historic Districts
Subchapter 4 applies height limitations to natural
structures, including trees, within the airport
zones. Denotes the incorporation of trees in front
of buildings as an architectural standard in some
Subareas.
Subchapter 6: Gas Wells
Subchapter 6 designates priority to gas well
ordinances if a conflict between tree preservation
and natural gas drilling arises. Environmentally
Sensitive Areas (ESAs) are considered, and a tree
inventory plan is required for proposed Drilling
and Production sites in ESAs. In situations where
drilling encroachment is allowed in ESAs, tree
mitigation measures apply and tree removal
requests are required.
Subchapter 7: Development Standards
Subchapter 7 provides standards for the
management, protection, and expansion of tree
canopy within all land and development in Denton,
unless otherwise noted. The subchapter also
specifies how the City administers the Tree Fund
for tree related work.
The subchapter prohibits the untimely removal of
trees; promoting the protection of existing trees.
As such, the subchapter requires tree removal
permits and proper mitigation standards if tree
removal is necessary and designates authorities
to enforce code and administer penalties. The
subchapter defines and provides a map of
designated Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs).
Additionally, the subchapter provides development
standards for floodplains, Cross Timbers Upland
Habitat, and riparian ESAs. For such areas, a
percent tree canopy retention level is set for
residential and non-residential developments in
Cross Timbers Upland Habitat.
What do we have?
Subchapter 7 outlines requirements for landscaped
buffers that provide transition between different
land use areas by minimizing noise, light, and other
nuisances. This section designates types of buffers
and their associated canopy cover.
This subchapter requires tree protection during
construction as outlined in the tree protection
detail. Standards for relocating heritage and quality
trees are provided. Additionally, the subchapter
provides pruning guidelines and defines other
activities that could influence tree replacement
standards. Designates when tree removal permits
are needed during land disturbance activities and
requires protection of street trees during land
disturbance activities. The subchapter defines
scenarios which necessitate tree mitigation. Tree
mitigation can include replacement plantings or
payments to the Tree Fund.
The purpose of the Tree Fund is defined and
includes the purchase, planting, maintenance, and
preservation of trees in the City. Tree Preservation
is further supported through preservation
incentives, called preserved credits. Credits are
awarded for when preservation goes beyond the
minimum requirement and can be applied towards
landscape canopy requirements. The subchapter
authorizes enforcement for standards on protected
trees, and allows the Director to approve removals
of protected trees if determined to endanger public
health, welfare, or safety.
The subchapter requires a Tree Survey and
Preservation/Replacement Plan to include details
on all protected trees within the area impacted by
the development. The Tree Survey and Preservation
Plans must meet the minimum preservation
requirements for each classification of protected
tree (e.g. Landmark Tree or Heritage Tree, Quality
Tree, of Secondary Tree).
This subchapter lists circumstances for exceptions
to tree preservation and removal. Alternatives to
tree replacement requirements are also included,
which provide alternatives to the tree replacement
requirements (e.g. preserved credit, replacement
trees, payment to the Tree Fund, tree donation, and
conservation easement). Incentives for preserving
or replacing trees as well as reducing hardscapes
are outlined.
Sets minimum standards for percent tree canopy
coverage throughout the City, including for the
different ecoregions present in Denton. The
subchapter applies minimum requirements for
canopy cover and landscaping elements according
to zoning.
Landscaping elements require a designated
percent of new plantings to be contained within
the Landscape Plant List in the Site Design
Criteria Manual and maintenance guidelines.
The subchapter requires the use of appropriate
planting materials and the landscape area point
system as standards for public areas. Different
buffers are required by zoning and adjacent land
use, and standards for such buffers are also
provided. Parking design standards also include
landscape screening. This subchapter also outlines
enforcement of, and alternatives to the landscape
standards for development sites and buffers that
include payment in lieu of planting.
The subchapter designates street tree planting
standards with specifications on location, spacing
and planting plans that require species diversity,
planting standards for trees, and maintenance.
Outlines protections for street trees. Designates
property owners responsible for maintaining
adjacent street trees.
30 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
What do we have?
DENTON MOBILITY PLAN –
2012 DENTON BIKE PLAN
The Denton Mobility Plan is currently being
updated. The 2012 Denton Bike Plan supports the
environmental, access, and safety goals contained
in the Denton Plan 2030, as well as, safety goals
of the US Department of Transportation. For
example, the Denton Plan 2030 envisions creating a
network of green infrastructure throughout the City.
Tree plantings around pedestrian and bike trails
provide barriers that lessen the impact of adjacent
cityscapes (e.g. traffic, noise, and air pollution) and
increase the overall aesthetics of the community.
Tree canopy can also improve the character and
usage of trials by increasing shading and helping
mitigate the effects of the urban heat island.
DENTON PARKS, RECREATION AND
TRAILS MASTER PLAN
The working Parks, Recreation, and Trails Master
Plan was accepted in 2001 and updated in
2009. The development of a new Master Plan
which reflects the changes in the community is
currently underway.
Subchapter 8: Subdivisions
Subchapter 8 recognizes ESAs in the development
of subdivisions and references the landscape
requirements provided in Subchapter 7 to be used
in lands set aside for common open space.
Subchapter 9: Definitions
Subchapter 9 defines tree and forest related terms.
2012 SIMPLY SUSTAINABLE DENTON
Simply Sustainable: A Strategic Plan for Denton’s
Future is a comprehensive report meant to improve
sustainability-related programming throughout
the City. In collaboration with the community,
the City created a vision, “to improve our
environment, create economic value, and support
and strengthen our community”, which guided the
Simply Sustainable document. Although the Plan
identifies eight focus areas (Water; Air Quality and
Greenhouse Gas Management; Energy Efficiency
and Conservation; Land Use and Open/Natural
Space; Transportation; Education, Communication
and Community Involvement; Material Resource
Management; and Local Food Production), the
Land Use and Open/Natural Space focus area
emphasizes the importance of the urban forest.
The Plan recommends preserving and maintaining
the green infrastructure, while aiming to enhance
tree canopy cover over time (from 19% in 2011).
Importantly, the Simply Sustainable Denton Plan
identifies the need to set targets for increased
canopy cover goals and places a high priority on
developing and implementing Tree Code.
DENTON MUNICIPAL ELECTRIC
BROCHURE
If a tree canopy has the potential to grow into
above ground utility lines, then it becomes a safety
hazard and warrants intervention. The Denton
Municipal Electric Brochure outlines ways to
prevent tree and utility line conflicts and explains
Denton Municipal Electric (DME) procedures when
conflicts arise. For prevention, DME encourages
residents to plant small stature trees that would
not interfere with above ground utility lines when
their mature heights are reached. DME resolves
emergency situations typically through contracts
with certified arborists to prune trees and maintain
safe distances from utility lines.
CITY OF DENTON INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
Approved by City Council in May of 2019, the
Integrated Pest Management Program affirms
the City’s intentions to provide a holistic approach
to managing pests that are harmful to the health,
function or aesthetic value of park landscapes and
public health. The Integrated Pest Management
Program applies multi-faceted strategies that
minimize economic, health and environmental risks.
The Program includes goals to increase
connectivity to nature and enhance sustainability
through conservation practices within parks;
create and maintain a safe environment for the
community; provide a natural, healthy, educational,
and social environment; educate and promote
natural areas and cultural practices; and ensure
stewardship of fiscal resources. The Program
provides a definition of “IPM” consistent with U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency publications.
The Program identifies multiple strategies for
the management of pests including prioritization,
tolerance thresholds, design, plant selection,
cultural practices, mechanical and physical control,
biological control, and pesticides. The Program
identifies 19 strategies that outline the City’s
policies on pest management including; licensing
and training, pest management procedures,
pesticide material management, safety measures
and emergency response, and targeted pest
management.
Texas 31
CONCLUSION
As a Tree City USA, Denton is well aware of the
importance of trees and urban forests to the
health and sustainability of their community. With
a dedicated, well-trained Urban Forester and an
active non-profit (Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.)
that provides educational programming on the
importance of trees, the City is well positioned
to sustain the health and environmental benefits
provided by its urban forest.
The local non-profit, Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.,
has been invaluable for the last 30+ years in
engaging the community through educational
activities, volunteer tree planting events, and the
annual Denton Redbud Festival. Keep Denton
Beautiful continues to be a strong advocate on the
behalf of the urban forest, but also for providing
a robust volunteer base.
Because the urban forest is a dynamic, growing,
and ever-changing resource it will require sound
and proactive management to fully realize its
maximum potential. Trees are an integral part
of the urban landscape and the one component
of urban infrastructure that has the potential to
increase in value over time and with proper care!
Denton is a leader in sustainability, which is reflected
in recent revisions to the Denton Development Code
to expand tree canopy cover in new development
and through the Tree Fund. While this fund has
been greatly beneficial to the enhancement of
Denton’s urban forest, much of the funds have
been unavailable for use as a result of competing
interests in how the fund should be distributed. Clear
direction on the intent of the Tree Fund, whether it
is to purchase land with existing trees to preserve
for future generations or to fund tree plantings
throughout the City, will allow for more opportunities
to use the fund efficiently and cost-effectively.
State of the Denton Urban Forest Report (2016)
determined that the current tree canopy cover is
28%. A planting priority analysis determined that
there are 32,009 acres on public and private land
where additional trees could be planted. While this
significant amount of acreage highlights areas of
opportunity to increase tree canopy cover through
additional trees plantings, there are some other
considerations that should be taken into account.
For instance, some of the acres identified as able
to support tree plantings are actually planned for
development (residential and commercial). These
areas will eventually represent a mixture of land
cover that includes both hardscape (impervious
surface) and tree canopy. It is also important to
recognize that impervious surfaces and canopy
cover can co-exist in many instances especially
with the incorporation of appropriate design
standards. Canopy that extends over hardscape
features (including parking lots, streets, and
structures) can add to the overall amount of
canopy cover and reduce the ratio between canopy
cover and impervious surfaces. In addition, shade
provided by tree canopy can demonstrably extend
the life span of materials used in the construction
of hardscape features (McPherson et al, 2005).
What do we have?
Currently utilities compete for space within the
public right-of-way (water, electric, sewer, etc.).
Utility easements can restrict the amount of space
available for planting a tree, making it challenging
to meet Design Standards intended to promote tree
canopy cover, as well as, provide the necessary soil
volume to support a tree throughout its lifetime.
While the State of the Denton Urban Forest Report
(2016) provided estimates of the species that
comprise Denton’s urban forest, the study did not
include an inventory of all City-planted trees. A tree
inventory is crucial to understanding the health of
the community tree resource and also the necessary
maintenance needs of trees in the public right-of-
way. A complete inventory would provide the Urban
Forestry Division with information to determine the
resources required to address the maintenance
requirements of trees in parks and in the public right-
of-way (all of which would improve public safety).
Adjacent property owners are currently responsible
for all maintenance needs of trees planted in the
public right-of-way. Many property owners are
unaware of their responsibilities or may ignore
maintenance until they are cited by Community
Improvement Services or the tree is dead. Lack
of maintenance poses a risk to the public and
can greatly reduce the environmental benefits
these trees provide to the community. With a
complete inventory of trees, the City could explore
the feasibility of transitioning the maintenance
responsibility of trees from adjacent property
owners to the City.
With a highly mobile population in Denton, pests
and pathogens that threaten the health and
longevity of urban trees is an ever-present threat.
Among the pests that are a concern is the emerald
ash borer (EAB) which effects all species of ash (it
was recently discovered in Fort Worth). This pest
has proven throughout much of the Midwest to be
a highly destructive and expensive pest to manage.
Denton’s urban forest population is estimated to
have approximately 4% green ash (140,000 of the
3.5 million trees in Denton) which could prove to be
costly and result in significant losses to the overall
tree canopy cover. Monitoring for this pest is
critical in ensuring early detection and proactively
manage this highly destructive pest.
If EAB or some other pest arrives in Denton, a
potential challenge will be the City’s inability to
require property owners to remove dead, dying,
or diseased trees on private property. Not only do
these dead, dying, or diseased trees pose a threat
to public safety, but if infested with a damaging
pest, these trees could negatively affect the entire
urban forest if infestation spreads. Without an
amendment to the Code of Ordinances, the City has
no ability to protect the public or the urban forest
from such trees.
Ultimately, protecting and growing the urban forest
requires a commitment from the entire community.
While growth and development are vital to the
economic well-being of Denton, preservation of the
urban forest is equally important for ensuring that
quality of life expectations are maintained. Adopting
and enforcing proactive preservation objectives that
compliment development goals and recognize the
rights of property owners will ensure that Denton
remains a vibrant and attractive community.
32 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
What do we want?
What do we want?
To better understand how the community values the
benefits of the urban forest resource and to provide
residents and other stakeholders an opportunity to
express their views about management policy and
priorities, the Plan development process included
two community meetings.
Managing Partners
While awareness may vary, many individuals and
departments within the City share some level of
responsibility for the community urban forest,
including planning for, caring for, and/or affecting
the policy of urban forest assets. City partners were
invited to participate in an interview and discussion
about their role and perspective for the urban
forest as well as their views, concerns, and ideas
for the Plan. These interviews provided important
information about the current function of the Urban
Forestry program and potential for improvement.
Concerns, requests, and suggestions from all
stakeholders were of primary interest and were
provided full consideration in the development of
the Plan.
Key concepts gathered through the stakeholder
interview process include the following:
1. Dead, dying, or diseased trees on private
property pose a threat to public and private
property and public safety, but the City has no
jurisdiction over the removal of these trees.
2. Loss of natural oak stands as a result of rapid
development, climate change, flood control,
and poor species selection are the biggest
challenges looking ahead to the future.
3. Competing utility easements restrict the space
available for planting trees.
4. There is a strong desire to have an active and
engaged community group whose goal is to
preserve and protect the urban forest as well as
the Cross Timbers ecoregion in natural areas
and expanding developments.
5. There is a need for more education, or a
modification to the current code, regarding the
care of trees planted in the public right-of-way
within residential areas. Not all homeowners
realize their responsibility to care for these
trees; as a result, not all trees are receiving
adequate care.
6. Trees are primarily valued for aesthetics;
privacy screening, greening, and property
value improvements, as well as environmental
benefits; shading, and improving air quality.
7. Some view trees as a hindrance to development
and solar energy infrastructure, or a
complication to maintenance activities.
Managing Partners
Denton Municipal Electric
Fire/Community Improvement Services
Water Utilities/Environmental Services/
Watershed Protection
Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
Parks, Recreation & Beautification Board
Planning/Development Services/Building Inspections
Solid Waste
Engineering
Table 2: Managing Partners
How do they protect the heavily wooded areas, how
do they preserve natural areas, and build an urban
forestry department?
MANAGING PARTNERS
Texas 33
Community Partners
Community partners that impact Denton’s
urban forest were engaged in a discussion. Six
community partners were identified for input
including Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc., Texas Trees
Foundation, Denton County, Denton Community
Development Alliance, Dallas Builders Association,
and Preservation Tree, the Consulting Group.
Meetings were held on August 20th and August
21st, 2019 to engage with each partner about a
series of questions and discussion sessions.
Community partners were asked to speak on
their role in the care/advocacy of Denton’s urban
forest. Each partner provides unique services that
directly or indirectly enhance the urban forest.
Keep Denton Beautiful organizes tree education
programs, fundraising, and supports urban forestry
related advocacy programs. Additionally, they act
as a liaison between stakeholder groups. Texas
Trees Foundation helps bring partners together and
provides support to implement planning decisions.
The Denton Community Development Alliance
considers land development and urbanization,
and advocates for a balanced and equitable urban
forest. Dallas Builders Association is an advocate for
residential construction and the development sector.
Overall community partners feel that the City’s
Urban Forestry Division is striving to do what is
right for Denton’s urban forest and community
residents. Partners recognized the Urban Forestry
Division for providing long standing programing
and places for the public to engage.
Several major challenges and opportunities were
identified for the urban forest over the next 5 to 20
years. The primary concerns were (1) determining
the right trees to plant during a period of changing
weather patterns, (2) protecting and growing the
urban forest in the midst of rapid development, and
(3) increasing the canopy cover and level of tree
care in non-residential areas of Denton.
Denton’s current canopy cover is estimated at 28%.
Although some community partners supported
an increase in canopy cover, their consensus is
to consider economic and environmental factors
when deciding upon future plantings. Participants
encouraged enhancing canopy cover for certain
land use space such as commercial and parking lot
plantings, as well as increasing tree diversity.
Community partners advocated for tree planting
efforts on all kinds of City property including parks,
right-of-way, new residential neighborhoods, and
commercial complexes. Additionally, partners
suggested identifying tree canopy goals by land use
type (instead of one canopy goal for the entire City).
Currently, trees planted by the City within the public
right-of-way are the responsibility of the adjacent
property owner. Community partners thought that
property owners should not be obligated to care for
public right-of-way trees. However, funding would
be needed for the City to assume the maintenance
of neighborhood trees. Partners suggested
receiving funding from: 1) the General Fund, 2) the
existing Tree Fund, 3) a tree care fee, 4) or property
taxes in order for the City to maintain these trees.
In regard to natural areas, community partners
encouraged preservation through (1) incentivizing
developers and landowners to preserve existing
natural areas, (2) accepting natural areas as parks,
(3) establishing guiding documents to discourage
the removal of natural areas, (4) expanding upon
current ideas of natural areas that would fit
community goals and preservation challenges (i.e.
add fruit and nut trees, habitat, leave snags and
over growth, increase species diversity), and (5)
forming collaborative networks such as land trusts
or co-ops to advocate for preservation.
According to the Code of Ordinances, the City
has some ability to require property owners to
abate grass and weeds, but there are no specific
provisions for dead, dying, or diseased trees on
private property which pose a threat to public
property and/or safety. Community partners thought
the Code of Ordinances should be amended to
support the City’s ability to protect the public from
such trees but cautioned that the Urban Forestry
Division might not have the means or the funding
to be able to provide this service at no cost or a
reduced cost.
What do we want?
Denton34Urban Forest Master Plan
What do we want?
Community Meetings
Two community meetings were held during the
Plan development process. Both meetings were
advertised through social media City emails, City
website, and City newsletters.
The first meeting was held on Thursday, August
1st, 2019, from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m at City Hall
and was attended by 36 community members.
The meeting included a presentation about the
community’s urban forest and current program
status. Following the presentation, attendees
participated in a discussion and planning session
to identify goals and objectives for the Urban
Forest Master Plan.
Attendees were asked to provide their expectations
for public tree maintenance, locations for
additional tree plantings, and potential canopy
goals. Participants were also asked to share their
opinions on types of education and outreach and
the best opportunities for providing educational
materials and outreach activities.
Urban Forestry Staff engaged with community
members to understand their opinions on
amending the Code of Ordinances to allow the
City to require private property owners to remove
dead, dying, or diseased trees that pose a threat to
public property and safety. Additionally, residents
were asked about their stance on the City caring
for trees in the public right-of-way. Finally, residents
were asked their preferences on the use of the Tree
Fund, whether funds should be used to purchase
land to preserve existing trees or to fund additional
tree plantings.
More than 25% of responses to the question about
canopy goals indicated that they were not in favor
of a goal of no net loss of canopy. While over
31% of the responses to the question indicated
goals of a 35 to 52% canopy cover, nearly 43% of
the responses indicated that participants were
interested in additional information on the canopy
goals, most notably goals based on land use type.
Participants were asked to indicate their
preferences on where trees should be planted in
Denton. Nearly 23% of respondents to the question
indicated that they did not support a policy of not
planting more trees. New developments were
favored by 25% of respondents as a focus area for
new tree plantings. Support for other planting areas
was varied, but widely positive with nearly 31% in
favor of tree plantings regardless of location.
Over 38% of respondents did not support a “Keep It
Natural” or no maintenance approach when asked
about the desired level of care for public trees.
Coincidentally, 35% of respondents to the question
indicated that they would prefer proactive or a
plant health care-based approach. Notably, 20%
of respondents indicated that they were not sure
about the level of care that would be appropriate
and would require additional information.
Dead, dying, or diseased trees on private property
are not an uncommon site in Denton. While
Community Improvement Services frequently
receive complaints about such trees where
members of the public are concerned about public
safety, the City has no ability to require private
property owners to remove such trees. Input was
sought on revisions to the Code of Ordinances to
require property owners to remove dead, dying,
or diseased trees that endanger public property
and safety. While over 33% of respondents to the
question indicated support for an amendment (only
one person indicated that they would not support
such an amendment) the majority of respondents
(61%) indicated that they were not sure and would
require additional information.
According to the Denton Development Code,
trees required by the City to be planted in the
public right-of-way are the responsibility of the
adjacent property owner. Urban Forestry staff
were interested in gauging the community’s
support of this policy and asked if the City
(instead of the adjacent property owner) should
care for neighborhood trees in the public right-of-
way. Nearly 47% of respondents to the question
indicated support for this change in policy.
Similarly, nearly 37% of respondents indicated
that they did not support the City not maintaining
neighborhood trees in the public right-of-way. Like
other questions posed to the community, over
16% of respondents were not sure and wanted
additional information.
Questions posed to participants about the best
methods of outreach and topics for education
indicated that community members appreciate
multiple methods of outreach and engagement.
Of the educational topics that most interested
participants, 20% of respondents wanted
educational materials to help them decide which
tree to plant in their yard.
What do we want?
Urban Forestry Staff also wanted to understand
the community member’s opinion on how
the Tree Fund should be used in Denton.
Community members had numerous ideas such
as tree giveaways, street median and sidewalk
improvements, grants for local nurseries to
cultivate appropriate tree species, mapping of
the Cross Timber Region, tree spades for moving
valuable species for preservation, saving big
trees, and funding for tree removal assistance.
There was no clear consensus on how funds
should be allocated as maintenance on
conservation easements had the most support
(only 12% of respondents).
Although participants were not asked directly
about the conservation of the Cross Timbers
Region, numerous community members
verbalized their concerns for this natural resource
and its preservation.
The second meeting was held on Thursday,
January 9th, 2020, from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m.
at City Hall. The meeting included a presentation
of the proposed goals and objectives that were
recommended in the Plan based on the review
process and feedback from the first meeting, held
on August 9th, 2019. The meeting was attended by
38 community members.
Texas 35
Plan, Goals, & Actions
Based upon a review of the current Urban
Forestry program and resources, and input from
the community and other stakeholders, the Plan
identifies nine goals and seven existing policies
that support and represent what Denton residents,
stakeholders, and staff want for the future of
Denton’s urban forest. These goals and existing
policies, and the strategies that support them, are
intended to optimally manage the City’s community
forest in an efficient, cost-effective, sustainable,
and safe manner. Through this collaborative
stakeholder and community input process,
the Plan identifies three major focus areas:
1. A safe and healthy urban forest
2. Sustain environmental benefits
3. Engage the community to ensure the future of
the urban forest
FOCUS AREA: A SAFE AND HEALTHY
URBAN FOREST
This focus area aims for the implementation of more
proactive and quality tree maintenance. In general,
trees pose a minimal risk to the public, but tree care
should be taken into consideration when striving
to make the community safer and the urban forest
more resilient.
Goal 1: Efficiently manage the community tree
resource.
Striving to obtain information on all existing trees
and vacant sites present in the urban forest will
enhance staff’s ability to determine areas with
priority for tree care or planting. As a result,
maintenance can be done in a more efficient
manner.
Goal 2: Promote tree health and good structure.
When trees are well-maintained throughout their
lifetimes, the risks trees pose to the public are
reduced. Promoting tree health and good structure
decreases the chances of having hazardous trees in
the community and helps prevent tree conflicts with
utilities.
Goal 3: Mitigate and reduce risk of wildfire.
Living in areas, which are vulnerable to wildfire,
comes with the responsibility of managing and
reducing the risks that come with that exposure.
Wildfires are a naturally occurring event and
therefore cannot be prevented from occurring.
Denton and its community members have the
ability to mitigate and reduce the risks and potential
impacts of wildfire when it occurs.
What do we want?
Denton loves their trees no matter what condition,
species or location.
PARKS MANAGER,
CITY OF DENTON
36 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Residential
What do we want?
FOCUS AREA: SUSTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL
BENEFITS
This focus area aims to preserve and enhance
the existing tree canopy thereby maintaining
the numerous benefits provided by the urban
forest. It is prudent to grow the urban forest
in a sustainable manner to ensure that trees
are planted and to also plan so that trees are
maintained throughout their lifetimes.
Goal 4: Recognize trees as green infrastructure.
Trees are essential infrastructure that need to be
planned for during design, similar to other utilities.
Considering trees as green infrastructure aims to
ensure their longevity through the planning and
implementation of comprehensive designs.
Goal 5: Promote tree preservation and protection.
As the community grows, it is important to
promote the protection of community trees. In
addition to following the current tree protections,
the Code of Ordinances should be periodically
reviewed and revised to refine and identify
requirements to support the urban forest and
canopy cover goal.
What do we want?
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
Planting plans not only encourage the opportunity
to maintain or enhance future tree canopy they
can also optimize the benefits that are gained
from the urban forest (based on planting priority
and choosing the right tree species for the
space). Furthermore, planting plans can prioritize
the equitable distribution of canopy cover and
support canopy goals set for various land use
designations (Table 3).
Goal 7: Plant Health Care (PHC) policies.
Pests and disease will always be a threat to the
urban forest. Implementing a Plant Heath Care
strategy will make the urban forest more resilient
and able to withstand invasive species. The strategy
should incorporate the use of multiple tools for
preventing pest and disease establishment and
managing current pest problems.
Future Land Use Designation Land Acres Canopy Cover (%)Canopy Acres
Commercial
Industrial
Other
All Land Use Designations
28,412
8,415
9,025
16,423
62,275
55.0%
10.0%
25.0%
40.0%
40.6%
15,627
842
2,256
6,569
25,294
Table 3: Canopy Goals for Future Land Use
FOCUS AREA: ENGAGE THE
COMMUNITY TO ENSURE THE FUTURE
OF THE URBAN FOREST
The urban forest is more likely to be
preserved and maintained by a community
that understands the benefits it provides.
Connecting the community to the urban forest
creates an environment for the community
members to advocate for the urban forest.
Goal 8: Support community engagement and
stewardship of the urban forest.
Although the City is not directly responsible
for the care of trees on private property, all
trees are an important component of the urban
forest. Education and outreach to encourage
best management practices for trees on private
property should be done to support the wellness
and benefits of the overall urban forest.
Goal 9: Celebrate the importance of urban trees.
Community designations and events surrounding
the urban forest build awareness and excitement
that ultimately encourages constituents to help
build upon existing canopy.
Texas 37
The estimated cost is categorized in the following
ranges:
• $ (less than $25,000)
• $$ ($25,000-$100,000)
• $$$ ($100,000-$200,000)
• $$$$ (greater than $200,000)
The Plan is intended to be a dynamic tool that
can and should be adjusted in response to
accomplishments, new information and changes in
community expectations, and available resources.
In addition to serving as a day-to-day guide for
planning and policy making, the Plan should be
reviewed regularly for progress to ensure that the
actions and sub actions are integrated into the
annual work plan.
The goals and actions proposed by the Urban
Forest Master Plan are organized by focus areas:
1. A safe and healthy urban forest
2. Sustain environmental benefits
3. Engage the community to ensure the future of
the urban forest
Each focus area is supported by measurable
goals, existing policies, and specific actions
that are intended to guide Denton’s urban forest
programming over the next 20 years, providing
the foundation for annual work plans and budget
forecasts. Many goals and actions support more
than one focus area.
For each action, the Plan identifies a priority, a
suggested timeframe for accomplishing the action,
an estimated cost range, and potential partners.
Priority is identified as:
• High− An action that is critical to protecting
existing community assets, reducing/
managing risk, or requires minimal resources to
accomplish
• Medium− An action that further aligns
programming and resource improvements
that have been identified as desirable by the
community, partners, and/or urban forest
managers, but that may require additional
investment and financial resources over and
above existing levels
• Low− An action that is visionary, represents an
increase in current service levels, or requires
significant investment
How do we get there?
Denton38Urban Forest Master Plan
How do we get there?
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
Goal 1: Efficiently manage the community tree resource.
OBJECTIVE:
Improve understanding of the structure and composition of
Denton’s community tree resource.
ACTIONS:
1. Conduct an inventory of all trees in parks, open space, trails,
City facilities, and public right-of-way.
a. After completion, regularly update inventory data as
maintenance occurs.
b. Compare and contrast the use of contractors versus an
in-house crew.
c. Consider redistributing funds to provide more proactive
maintenance.
d. Include potential tree planting sites to assist in planning for
future plantings.
2. Conduct a Resource Analysis for public trees to understand the
benefits provided by the public tree resource.
3. Consider the use of TreeKeeper® or similar tree inventory
management software.
4. Review Urban Forest Master Plan goals every 5 to 10 years,
and report progress via The State of the Urban Forest Report.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Complete inventory and plans for maintenance cycles for the
community tree resource.
RATIONALE:
A complete inventory of City-planted trees would allow the Urban
Forestry Division to identify maintenance needs and determine the
feasibility of the City caring for City-planted trees in neighborhoods.
Additionally, an inventory can be used to quantify the ecosystem
services provided by public trees.
RISK:
A lack of understanding of the age, structure, benefits, and
maintenance needs of public trees makes the community tree
resource vulnerable to loss of canopy cover. It also creates
challenges in responding to pests and could increase the costs of
managing such threats.
BENEFIT:
A better understanding of the public tree resource enables Urban
Forestry Division staff to prioritize tasks, improve efficiency, and
better plan for and manage pests and pathogens.
COST
$$
PRIORITY
HIGH
TARGET
1 YEARS
Texas 39
OBJECTIVE:
Following completion of a tree inventory, develop pruning and
maintenance cycles.
ACTIONS:
1. Identify costs required to maintain trees in parks and within the
public right-of-way.
2. Distribute maintenance needs evenly across grids or
maintenance areas.
a. Aim to provide maintenance according to the industry
standard of 4–5 years.
b. Consider areas that have been slated for development or
areas considered for annexation.
3. Publish maintenance cycles on the Urban Forestry Division
web page.
a. Include maintenance cycle maps.
b. Project timeframes for maintenance.
4. Review the Urban Forest Master Plan, and provide updates
as needed.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Complete inventory and plans for maintenance cycles for the
community tree resource.
RATIONALE:
A complete inventory of City-planted trees would allow the Urban
Forestry Division to identify maintenance needs and determine the
feasibility of the City caring for City-planted trees in neighborhoods.
Additionally, an inventory can be used to quantify the ecosystem
services provided by public trees.
RISK:
A lack of understanding of the age, structure, benefits, and
maintenance needs of public trees makes the community tree
resource vulnerable to loss of canopy cover. It also creates
challenges in responding to pests and could increase the costs of
managing such threats.
BENEFIT:
A better understanding of the public tree resource enables Urban
Forestry Division staff to prioritize tasks, improve efficiency, and
better plan for and manage pests and pathogens.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
1-5 YEARS
Goal 1: Efficiently manage the community tree resource.
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
DentonUrban Forest Master Plan40
How do we get there?
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Goal 1: Efficiently manage the community tree resource.
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Continue to use planting funds successfully.
ACTIONS:
1. Determine a planting schedule to guide and prioritize new tree
plantings.
2. Plant the largest species of tree possible in the available space.
OBJECTIVE:
Review the Urban Forest Master Plan, and provide updates as
needed.
ACTIONS:
1. Review Urban Forest Master Plan (UFMP) goals every 2 to 5
years.
2. Adjust targets to continue to align with:
a. Community values and expectations of the urban forest.
b. Funding availability.
c. City goals, policies, and actions.
3. Conduct a State of the Urban Forest Report (at year one),
then every two to five years.
4. Report progress and challenges of the UFMP via
The State of the Urban Forest Report.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Complete inventory and plans for maintenance cycles for the
community tree resource.
RATIONALE:
A complete inventory of City-planted trees would allow the Urban
Forestry Division to identify maintenance needs and determine the
feasibility of the City caring for City-planted trees in neighborhoods.
Additionally, an inventory can be used to quantify the ecosystem
services provided by public trees.
RISK:
A lack of understanding of the age, structure, benefits, and
maintenance needs of public trees makes the community tree
resource vulnerable to loss of canopy cover. It also creates
challenges in responding to pests and could increase the costs of
managing such threats.
BENEFIT:
A better understanding of the public tree resource enables Urban
Forestry Division staff to prioritize tasks, improve efficiency, and
better plan for and manage pests and pathogens.
Texas 41
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Explore the feasibility of the City taking responsibility for the
maintenance of community trees in neighborhoods.
ACTIONS:
1. Examine the resources that would be required to maintain
community trees in neighborhoods.
2. Consider current staffing levels.
a. Explore the addition of staff to the Urban Forestry Division.
b. Consider the use of contractors to complete maintenance tasks.
OBJECTIVE:
Revise policies and standards for pruning young trees to promote
healthy growth and structure.
ACTIONS:
1. Allow for flexibility for clearance and visibility requirements
for young trees to promote good structure and health.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduction in removals and claims against the City.
RATIONALE:
When the minimum level of care is met for all community trees,
the potential for all the trees to reach maturity increase and the
benefits provided by those trees also increases as trees mature.
RISK:
The community tree resource and the greater urban forest could
suffer significant losses to tree canopy cover as a result of
removals or from pest infestations due to lack of maintenance.
BENEFIT:
Regular maintenance and inspection of the community tree
resource promotes better tree health and structure, which reduces
the number of removals, branch and tree failures as a result of poor
structure, and increases the benefits provided to the community.
Goal 2: Promote tree health and good structure.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
5 YEARS
COST
$
PRIORITY
HIGH
TARGET
1 YEARS
Denton42Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Ensure community trees are maintained according to industry
standards to promote tree health, longevity, and also public safety.
ACTIONS:
1. Educate community members about their responsibilities in the
care of public trees.
2. Use current ANSI and BMPs.
3. Consider requiring professional licensing for tree care
companies operating within City limits.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduction in removals and claims against the City.
RATIONALE:
When the minimum level of care is met for all community trees,
the potential for all the trees to reach maturity increase and the
benefits provided by those trees also increases as trees mature.
RISK:
The community tree resource and the greater urban forest could
suffer significant losses to tree canopy cover as a result of
removals or from pest infestations due to lack of maintenance.
BENEFIT:
Regular maintenance and inspection of the community tree
resource promotes better tree health and structure, which reduces
the number of removals, branch and tree failures as a result of poor
structure, and increases the benefits provided to the community.
Goal 2: Promote tree health and good structure.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
5 YEARS
Texas How do we get there?43
OBJECTIVE:
Contribute to a fire safe community.
ACTIONS:
1. Initiate contact with the Texas A&M Forest Service Wildland
Urban Interface (WUI) Specialist to assist in developing a
Community wildfire protection plan.
2. Reduce ladder fuels in natural areas.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduction in ladder fuels and a Community Wildfire Protection Plan.
RATIONALE:
According to the Texas Wildfire Risk Assessment Portal, Denton
has vulnerabilities to wildfire. Wildfires are a naturally occurring
phenomenon, but Denton and its community members have a role
in mitigating the risks associated with living in the Wildland Urban
Interface.
RISK:
Wildfires result in the burning of forests and pastureland, but also
accumulate in the staggering loss of property and life. Recovery
from wildfires can have negative economic impacts for years
following fire.
BENEFIT:
Mitigating the risk of fire, reduces the likelihood of losses to
property and life.
Goal 3: Mitigate and reduce risk of wildfire.
Focus Area: A safe and healthy urban forest
COST
$
PRIORITY
HIGH
TARGET
ONGOING
Denton44Urban Forest Master Plan
OBJECTIVE:
Minimize the encroachment of other utilities.
ACTIONS:
1. Consider amending clearance and visibility standards to avoid
excessive pruning of young or newly established trees.
2. Use root barrier to reduce root and sidewalk conflicts.
3. As the General Plan or other long-term planning documents are
revised, consider impacts on trees.
4. Maintain a Tree Committee to review changes to the Denton
Development Code.
5. Promote Complete Streets in the Denton Parks, Recreation and
Trails Master Plan and the Denton Mobility Plan.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduced number of removals and conflicts reported between trees
and other utilities.
RATIONALE:
Designating trees as green infrastructure designates trees as a key
element in cityscapes, as is expected for other infrastructure.
RISK:
Trees and other utility conflicts may result in undesirable pruning
or tree removals that could have been avoided through alternative
design solutions and repairs.
BENEFIT:
Planning for trees limits the need to mitigate conflicts between
trees and other utilities and promotes tree longevity.
Goal 4: Recognize trees as green infrastructure.
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
COST
$
PRIORITY
HIGH
TARGET
5 YEARS
How do we get there?45Texas
OBJECTIVE:
Develop maintenance and design strategies for mitigating
conflicts with otherwise healthy trees.
ACTIONS:
1. Detour walkways around trees, ramping over roots, and
grinding down displaced sidewalk panels to reduce tripping
hazards without causing undue harm to critical roots.
2. Explore alternative sidewalk designs to allow space for trees
and compliance with ADA and avoid tree removal.
a. Crushed granite.
b. Gravel sub-base and other structural soils.
c. Other structural cells (Strata Cells or Silva Cells).
d. Interlocking concrete paver products.
e. Flexipave, a system similar to rubber sidewalks.
f. Alternative tree grate structures.
g. Polygrate, a recycled plastic form of tree grate.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduced number of removals and conflicts reported between trees
and other utilities.
RATIONALE:
Designating trees as green infrastructure designates trees as a key
element in cityscapes, as is expected for other infrastructure.
RISK:
Trees and other utility conflicts may result in undesirable pruning
or tree removals that could have been avoided through alternative
design solutions and repairs.
BENEFIT:
Planning for trees limits the need to mitigate conflicts between
trees and other utilities and promotes tree longevity.
Goal 4: Recognize trees as green infrastructure.
COST
$-$$$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
10 YEARS
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton46Urban Forest Master Plan
OBJECTIVE:
Ensure Design Standards adequately consider trees.
ACTIONS:
1. Continue to require minimum canopy cover goals as identified
in Subchapter 7 of the Denton Development Code.
2. Revise Design Standards to include minimum parkway widths
to allow for tree plantings.
a. Consider expanding the minimum width of planting strips
from 5.5 feet to 8 feet.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduced number of removals and conflicts reported between trees
and other utilities.
RATIONALE:
Designating trees as green infrastructure designates trees as a key
element in cityscapes, as is expected for other infrastructure.
RISK:
Trees and other utility conflicts may result in undesirable pruning
or tree removals that could have been avoided through alternative
design solutions and repairs.
BENEFIT:
Planning for trees limits the need to mitigate conflicts between
trees and other utilities and promotes tree longevity.
Goal 4: Recognize trees as green infrastructure.
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
10 YEARS
Texas 47How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Revise and amend the Code of Ordinances to promote the
protection of community trees.
ACTIONS:
1. Amend the Code of Ordinances to allow the City to require
private property owners to remove dead, dying, or diseased
trees that pose a risk to public property and safety.
2. Prohibit dumping and storage of deleterious substances
near trees.
OBJECTIVE:
Define the purpose and use of the Tree Fund.
ACTIONS:
1. The Tree Fund shall be allocated as follows:
a. 60% tree planting
b. 35% property purchase (see Property Purchase Criteria,
Appendix G)
c. 5% education/outreach
2. Enforce conservation standards laid out in the Denton
Development Code.
3. Explore ways to expand tree canopy through Open Space.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduction in removals and no-net loss in tree canopy cover.
RATIONALE:
Trees take a long time to grow. Preserving and protecting existing
trees ensures that the stream of benefits provided by community
trees is not lost or disrupted and has the opportunity to increase
this stream of benefits over time.
RISK:
Loss of tree canopy cover and associated environmental benefits.
BENEFIT:
Preservation of community trees, including iconic post oak trees,
ensures the environmental benefits are sustained and trees that have
been preserved and protected have the potential to provide even
more benefits to the community over the course of their lifetimes.
Goal 5: Promote tree preservation and protection.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
1-5 YEARS
COST
$-$$$$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton48Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
OBJECTIVE:
Mitigate the impacts of development on native post oak stands.
ACTIONS:
1. Avoid disturbance to soils as much as possible.
2. Set up Tree Protection Zones around post oak trees deemed
for preservation within development projects.
3. Continue to incentivize the preservation of post oak for
development projects.
OBJECTIVE:
Educate the community about their role in maintaining a safe
urban forest.
ACTIONS:
1. Provide a list of certified arborists and licensed professionals
to perform maintenance on private trees.
2. Provide educational materials on proper pruning techniques.
3. Provide education to property owners about the importance
of not planting trees under overhead utilities and identifying
underground utilities prior to digging a hole to plant a tree.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduction in removals and no-net loss in tree canopy cover.
RATIONALE:
Trees take a long time to grow. Preserving and protecting existing
trees ensures that the stream of benefits provided by community
trees is not lost or disrupted and has the opportunity to increase
this stream of benefits over time.
RISK:
Loss of tree canopy cover and associated environmental benefits.
BENEFIT:
Preservation of community trees, including iconic post oak trees,
ensures the environmental benefits are sustained and trees that have
been preserved and protected have the potential to provide even
more benefits to the community over the course of their lifetimes.
Goal 5: Promote tree preservation and protection.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Texas 49How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Achieve 40% canopy cover by 2040.
ACTIONS:
1. Adjust canopy goals per Land Use designation.
a. 55% for Residential
b. 25% for Commercial
c. 10% for Industrial
d. 40% for Other (rural and right-of-way)
2. Set a sustainable annual planting goal.
3. Promote the planting of trees on private property within areas
of high or very high planting priority.
4. Conduct a Land Cover Assessment with revised City
boundaries, including newly annexed areas.
5. Enforce conservation standards laid out in the Denton
Development Code.
6. Explore ways to expand tree canopy through Open Space.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton50Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
OBJECTIVE:
Promote species diversity in the urban forest.
ACTIONS:
1. Continue to choose species that are better suited to the
local climate.
2. Continue to avoid planting species of trees with similar
vulnerabilities to pests and disease as current species.
3. Continue to incorporate native species into planting palettes.
4. Continue to use drought tolerant species.
5. Use pest and disease resistant species when available.
6. At a minimum, pursue species diversity goals that meet the 10-
20-30 rule, but strive for even greater diversity among genera.
7. Cease plantings of ash to mitigate impacts of emerald
ash borer.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
HIGH
TARGET
ONGOING
Texas 51How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Encourage equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
ACTIONS:
1. Use planting priority mapping to identify planting sites within
higher planting priority areas.
2. Conduct planting priority analysis to identify planting sites
that would have the greatest impact of reducing urban heat
islands and stormwater runoff.
3. Classify and prioritize available planting sites based on:
a. Space and minimum planting setbacks.
b. Soil characteristics.
c. Irrigation infrastructure.
d. Landscape objectives and tree density.
e. Site constraints and existing infrastructure, including
hardscape, utilities (overhead and underground), bridges,
and culverts.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton52Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
OBJECTIVE:
Set emphasis on planting the right tree in the right place.
ACTIONS:
1. Reduce hardscape and utility conflicts.
2. Match tree species to soil and water conditions.
3. Match tree species to planter size and intended use.
4. Consider mature crown spread.
a. Optimize shade and environmental benefits by planting
large stature trees where feasible.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Texas 53How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Encourage the expansion of the urban forest through tree plantings on
private property.
ACTIONS:
1. Expand Arbor Day celebrations to include plantings of trees, in
addition to eastern redbud, to increase diversity.
2. Continue to provide trees to residents through the annual tree
give-away through Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc.
3. Provide educational materials to inform residents about the
dangers of planting trees near overhead utilities.
4. Regularly review and update species list to reflect diversity
goals and include species that are high performers.
5. Publish recommended species list on the Urban Forestry
Division webpage.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
ONGOING
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton54Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
OBJECTIVE:
Support stormwater management through the strategic growth
of canopy.
ACTIONS:
1. Consider the incorporation of trees in dry retention ponds.
2. Explore the use of bioswales in stormwater management
systems.
3. Consider a planting priority analysis with prioritization for
stormwater management.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
More equitable distribution of tree canopy cover across the City.
RATIONALE:
A planting plan provides direction and clarity so canopy goals can be
set, tracked, and achieved.
RISK:
Although tree plantings would still occur, efforts may not be targeted
to areas where increased tree canopy would provide the community
with the maximum benefits.
BENEFIT:
Canopy goals are more easily set and reached.
Goal 6: Develop a City-wide planting plan.
COST
$
PRIORITY
LOW
TARGET
10 YEARS
Texas 55How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Monitor invasive species.
ACTIONS:
1. Continue to follow Denton’s Integrated Pest Management
program.
2. Reduce the impacts of Chinese privet in Environmentally
Sensitive Areas.
3. Inspect ash trees regularly for signs and symptoms of
emerald ash borer.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Reduced impact from invasive species.
RATIONALE:
Being aware of and able to identify potential invasive species
allows managers to approach management and prevention in
a way that fits the community’s resources.
RISK:
Undesirable species may become established and threaten
native species.
BENEFIT:
Using comprehensive information to outline best management
strategies that can be used to prepare for and/or manage invasive
species can lessen the detrimental impacts they have on the
urban forest.
Goal 7: Adopt Plant Health Care (PHC) policies.
COST
$
PRIORITY
MODERATE
TARGET
10 YEARS
Focus Area: Sustain environmental benefits
Denton56Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
How do we get there?
OBJECTIVE:
Develop and maintain a web page for the Urban Forestry Division
on the City website.
ACTIONS:
1. Consolidate important tree-related information on the City website.
2. Summarize maintenance responsibilities of adjacent property
owners for City required planted trees.
a. Provide links for proper tree-care resources.
i. How to plant a tree.
ii. How to prune a tree.
iii. How to fertilize and mulch.
iv. How to irrigate.
v. How to hire an arborist or tree care company.
3. Share the Urban Forest Master Plan through the City website.
4. Publish A State of the Urban Forest Report (at year one), then
every two to five years.
a. Update community members on the overall condition of
the community urban forest.
b. Highlight services (number of trees planted, number of
trees inventoried, etc.).
c. Update community members on progress towards canopy
goals and trees planted (public and private).
d. Update the community on achievements of the Urban
Forest Master Plan.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Participation in forestry programming.
RATIONALE:
An educated and engaged community is more likely to support and
advocate for the urban forest.
RISK:
Apathy towards the urban forest may result in loss in benefits
provided by the urban forest to the community.
BENEFIT:
A community that supports the urban forest protects the urban
forest and therefore the benefits that it provides to the City.
Goal 8: Support community engagement and stewardship of the urban forest.
COST
$
PRIORITY
LOW
TARGET
ONGOING
Texas 57
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Develop and maintain a web page for the Urban Forestry Division
on the City website.
ACTIONS (CONTINUED):
5. Share and maintain the recommended tree species list through the
City website.
6. Provide a link to Keep Denton Beautiful on the City website.
a. Include information about volunteer opportunities.
7. Provide a link to Denton Municipal Electric Tree Trimming Brochure
on the City website.
8. Provide a link on the City website to the Denton Development Code
Tree Preservation standards for development.
9. Communicate the benefits of trees and tree canopy including
environmental, social, and economic benefits.
10. Communicate importance of post oak and blackjack oak trees.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Participation in forestry programming.
RATIONALE:
An educated and engaged community is more likely to support and
advocate for the urban forest.
RISK:
Apathy towards the urban forest may result in loss in benefits
provided by the urban forest to the community.
BENEFIT:
A community that supports the urban forest protects the urban
forest and therefore the benefits that it provides to the City.
Goal 8: Support community engagement and stewardship of the urban forest.
Denton58Urban Forest Master Plan
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Interact with community members through a variety of outlets.
ACTIONS:
1. Continue to partner with Keep Denton Beautiful, Inc (KDB).
a. Continue to use volunteers through the Cross Timbers Urban
Forestry Council Citizen Foresters Training Program.
i. Expand Citizen Foresters’ skills to provide structural
pruning for trees in parks.
b. Continue to provide support for KDB programming.
2. Continue to use DTV to provide community members with
important information about trees.
3. Explore further engagement through social media, including the
existing Denton Trees Facebook Group.
4. Conduct community surveys to gauge public support as objectives
of the Urban Forest Master Plan are implemented.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Participation in forestry programming.
RATIONALE:
An educated and engaged community is more likely to support and
advocate for the urban forest.
RISK:
Apathy towards the urban forest may result in loss in benefits
provided by the urban forest to the community.
BENEFIT:
A community that supports the urban forest protects the urban
forest and therefore the benefits that it provides to the City.
Goal 8: Support community engagement and stewardship of the urban forest.
COST
$
PRIORITY
LOW
TARGET
ONGOING
Texas 59How do we get there?
Focus Area: Engage the community to ensure the future of the urban forest
OBJECTIVE:
Maintain Tree City USA.
ACTIONS:
1. Continue to celebrate Arbor Day through the annual Redbud
Festival and Texas Arbor Day Celebration.
a. Promote species diversity.
b. Include education materials about the benefits provided by
trees.
c. Distribute tree care materials.
i. How to plant a tree.
ii. How to prune a tree.
iii. How to fertilize and mulch.
iv. How to irrigate.
v. How to hire an arborist or tree care company.
PERFORMANCE MEASURE:
Continued recognition as a Tree City USA and Arbor Day activities/
celebrations.
RATIONALE:
Observing and recognizing the benefits provided by the urban
forest encourages community engagement and promotes
appreciation for trees.
RISK:
When community members are unaware of the benefits of the
urban forest, people are likely going to be less supportive of
programming and the resources needed to care for it.
BENEFIT:
Community awareness and appreciation of the urban forest
promotes support for the necessary resources to maintain it.
Goal 9: Celebrate the importance of urban trees.
COST
$
PRIORITY
LOW
TARGET
ONGOING
Denton60Urban Forest Master Plan
How do we get there?61
Annual Plan Review
The Plan is an active tool that will guide
management and planning decisions over the next
20 years. Its goals and actions will be reviewed
annually for progress and integration into an
internal work plan. The Plan presents a long-range
vision and target dates are intended to be flexible
in response to emerging opportunities, available
resources, and changes in community expectations.
Therefore, each year, specific areas of focus should
be identified, which can inform budget and time
requirements for Urban Forest Managers.
Resource Analysis
With a Resource Analysis, Denton can identify
quantitatively the value of the composition of
public trees, the annual benefit provided to the
community, replacement value, and benefit versus
investment ratios. With this information, Denton
can improve health (condition), species diversity,
annual benefits, and overall resource value of
its tree resource. When a resource analysis is
conducted every five years, the City can illustrate
progress and success towards Plan goals. A five-
year Resource Analysis review is a possible way to
monitor progress on efforts to increase diversity
through a list of tree species appropriate for a
variety of different spaces and landscapes.
With appropriate care and planning, the urban
forest is an asset that has the potential to increase
in value over time. As young trees mature and their
leaf surface and canopy grow, so too will the overall
benefits and value from the community’s urban
forest. The objectives and strategies of the Plan are
intended to support this process in an appropriate
manner that encourages the sustainable
stewardship of community trees with consideration
for safety, cost efficiency, and community values.
The Plan includes strategies for measuring the
success of the Plan over time.
Monitoring
Through talking with community partners and
those within the urban forestry program, a set of
goals were created to meet the strong demand
for protecting and enhancing the urban forest,
as stated in the community vision. The success
of these goals is largely dependent on creating
objectives and strategies to meet the targets
outlined in the Plan as well as monitor the progress
of these action steps.
How are we doing?
Texas
Reporting
Completion of this Plan is the first step towards
achieving the vision for Denton’s urban forest.
Continual monitoring, analysis, and revisions
will help forest managers keep stakeholders
informed and engaged. By organizing data into
specific components (for example; Urban Forest
Reports, Community Satisfaction Surveys), it will
be possible to revise specific areas of weakness
and buttress areas of strength. Revisions to the
Plan should occur with major events, such as
newly discovered pests or diseases, or significant
policy and regulation changes. A complete
formal revision should occur in unison with major
municipal projects, such as the Comprehensive
Plan. It is important to remember that the Denton
Urban Forest Master Plan is a living document that
should adapt to new conditions.
State of the Urban
Forest Report
The purpose of the report is to provide structural
and functional information about the urban forest
(including the municipal forest) and recommend
strategies for its proactive management,
protection, and growth.
Canopy Analysis
Due to findings from the State of the Denton
Urban Forest Report, Denton has a baseline tree
canopy for the entire urban forest, which allows
for continued monitoring of trends in the canopy
cover on private property.
Community Satisfaction
Plan results will be measurable through increased
benefits and value in the community tree resource
and the preservation and eventual increase
in canopy cover over time. Attainment of the
objectives and strategies will support better
tree health, greater longevity, and a reduction
in tree failures. However, one of the greatest
measurements of success for the Plan will
be its level of success in meeting community
expectations for the care and preservation of the
community tree resource. Community satisfaction
can be measured through surveys and will be
evidenced by public support for realizing the
objectives of the Plan. Community satisfaction can
also be gauged by the level of engagement and
support for forestry programs.
How are we doing?
62 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Appendices
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Denton Historic Landmark Commission, Framework for the Future: A Preservation Guidebook for Denton,
Texas (Denton: Denton Historic Landmark Commission, n.d.), n.p
Denton, Texas. 2019. CantyMedia. Retrieved from: https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-
summary.php3?s=404214&cityname=Denton,+Texas,+United+States+of+America
Discover Denton. 2019. Denton Convention & Visitors Bureau: A Division of the Denton Chamber of
Commerce. Retrieved from https://www.discoverdenton.com/groups/why-choose-denton/
Dwyer, et al. Assessing the Benefits and Costs of the Urban Forest. Journal of Arboriculture 18(5):
September 1992.
Ellison, D. et al. 2017. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights for a hot world. Global Environmental Change.
Volume 43. Pages 51-61. ISSN 09593780.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.01.002. Retrieved from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378017300134
Emerald Ash Borer Information Network. 2019. http://www.emeraldashborer.info/
Fernández-Juricic, Esteban. 2001. Avifaunal use of Wooded Streets in an Urban Landscape. Conservation
Biology. Volume 14, Issue 2, pages 513-521. Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/
abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98600.x
Gilstad-Hayden et al. 2015. Greater tree canopy cover is associated with lower rates of both violent and
property crime in New Haven, CT. Landscape and Urban Planning. Volume 143.
Gilman and Watson. 1994. United States Forest Service. Retrieved from: http://hort.ufl.edu/database/
documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/questea.pdf
Grayston, S. J., Vaughan, D., and Jones, D. 1997. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with
annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability.
Applied soil ecology, 5(1), 29-56.
Greenhouse Gases’ Effect on the Climate. 2018. U.S. Energy Information Administration. Retrieved from:
https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.php?page=environment_how_ghg_affect_climate
Haddad, et al. 2015. Habitat fragmentation and its lasting impact on Earth ecosystems. Science Advances.
1. e1500052. 10.1126/sciadv.1500052.
Heisler GM. 1986. Energy Savings with Trees. J Arbor 12(5):113–125. Heisler GM., and DeWalle, O.R. 1968.
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Appendix A: References
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Akbari, H., D. Kurn, et al. 1997. Peak power and cooling energy savings of shade trees. Energy and Buildings
25:139–148.
Arbor Day Foundation, 2019. Tree City USA. Retrieved December 11, 2019 from https://www.arborday.org/
programs/treecityusa/
Associated Press & Kera News. 2018. “Homes Evacuated, Roads Closed Due To North Texas Wildfires.
Retrieved from https://www.keranews.org/post/homes-evacuated-roads-closed-due-north-texas-wildfires
Atkinson, T.H., J.L. Foltz, R.C. Wilkinson, and R.F. Mizell. 2000. Florida Insect Management Guide for insect
borers of trees and shrubs. University of Florida. Entomology Circular 310. http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/
creatures/trees/asian_ambrosia_beetle.htm
Bates, Edward (1918). History and Reminiscences of Denton County. Denton, Texas: McNitzky Printing
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Berlinger, Joshua. 2012. “The 10 Best Small Tows in America”. Business Insider. https://www.
businessinsider.com/the-ten-best-small-towns-in-america-2012-11#1-denton-texas-10
City of Denton, Texas Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the Fiscal Year ended September 30, 2017
Clark JR, Matheny NP, Cross G, Wake V. 1997. A Model of Urban Forest Sustainability. J Arbor 23(1):17-30.
Clatterbuck and Tankersley, n.d. Watering Trees. Texas A & M AgriLIfe Extension. Retrieved November 8, 2019
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Cochran, Mike. 2013. Denton History. Retrieved from: http://www.dentonhistory.net/page16/styled/styled-5/
Cole, K.W. 2008. Granulate Ambrosia Beetle. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. http://www.in.gov/
dnr/entomolo/files/ep-GranulateAmbrosiaBeetleFactsheet.pdf
Cooke, B., Williams, D., Paveglio, T., and M. Carroll. 2016. Living with fire: How social scientists are helping
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Texas 63
Leff, Michael. 2016. The Sustainable Urban Forest: A Step-by-Step Approach. Davey Institute and
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64 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Appendices
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Forest. Journal of Arboriculture. 24(4): 235-244.
Texas 65
Appendix B:
Terms and Definitions
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
A Federation of United States industry sectors
(e.g. businesses, professional societies and trade
associations, standards developers, government
agencies, institutes, and consumer / labor interest
groups) that coordinates the development of the
voluntary consensus standards system.
American Public Works Association (APWA)
An organization that supports professionals
who operate, improve, or maintain public works
infrastructure by advocating to increase awareness,
and providing education, credentialing, as well as
other professional development opportunities.
Arboriculture
The science, art, technology, and business of tree care.
Best Management Practices (BMP)
Management practices and processes used when
conducting forestry operations, implemented to
promote environmental integrity.
Capital Improvement Projects (CIP)
Infrastructure projects and equipment purchases
identified by a government in order to maintain
or improve public resources. Projects such as (1)
constructing a facility, (2) expanding, renovating,
replacing, or rehabilitating an existing facility, or
(3) purchasing major equipment are identified, and
then purchasing plans and development schedules
are developed.
Climate Action Plan (CAP)
Government lead initiatives to decrease
greenhouse gas emissions and prepare for the
impacts of climate change.
Community Urban Forest
The collection of publicly owned trees within an
urban area, including street trees and trees in parks
and other public facilities.
Drip Line Area
The area measured from the trunk of the tree
outward to a point at the perimeter of the
outermost branch structure of the tree.
Dutch Elm Disease (DED)
A wilt disease of elm trees caused by plant
pathogenic fungi. The disease is either spread by
bark beetles or tree root grafts.
Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
The common name for Agrilus planipennis, an
emerald green wood boring beetle native to
northeastern Asia and invasive to North America. It
feeds on all species of ash.
Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
A gas that traps heat in Earth’s atmosphere.
Geographic Information System (GIS)
Computer-based tools designed to increase the
organization and understanding of spatial or
geographic data. Many different kinds of data can
be displayed on one map for visualization and
interpretation.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Using pest and environmental information to
determine if pest control actions are warranted.
Pest control methods (e.g. biological control,
habitat manipulation, cultural control, plant
resistance, and chemical control) are chosen based
on economic and safety considerations.
i-Tree
A state-of-the-art, peer-reviewed software suite
from the USDA Forest Service that provides
urban and rural forestry analysis and benefits
assessment tools.
International Society of Arboriculture (ISA)
An international nonprofit organization that
supports professionals in the field of arboriculture
by providing professional development
opportunities, disseminating applicable research
findings, and promoting the profession.
Landmark Tree
A healthy tree that is designated by the property
owner on the Texas Big Tree Registry regardless if
the tree is protected or a non-protected tree; or a
tree designated as a historic tree where an event
of historic significance occurred that had local,
regional, or national importance; or at the home
of a citizen who is famous on a local, regional, or
national basis; or that has taken on a legendary
stature in the community, is mentioned in literature
or documents of historic value, or is considered
unusual due to size, age, or other landmark status.
Historic trees shall be designated following the
historic landmark designation.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)
A United States federal law adopted to protect
migratory birds.
Natural Area
A defined area where native trees and vegetation
are allowed to grow and reproduce naturally with
little or no management except for control of
undesirable and invasive species.
Oak Wilt
A tree disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis
fagacearum. It is spread by sap feeding beetles
and tree root grafts.
Open Space
A defined area of undeveloped land that is open
to the public. The land can include native or
naturalized trees and vegetation.
Plant Health Care (PHC)
A program that consists of (1) routinely monitoring
landscape plant health and (2) individualized
plant management recommendations in order to
maintain or improve the vitality, appearance, and
safety of trees and other plants.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Equipment worn to enhance workplace safety
and minimize the risk to physical hazards (e.g.
gloves, hard harts, bodysuits, and foot, eye, or ear
protection).
Private Tree
Any tree located on private property, including
residential and commercial parcels.
Appendices:
66 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Appendices
Protected Tree
Landmark, heritage, quality, or secondary trees.
Quality Tree
Healthy non-secondary tree, except Post Oaks, that
measure between six and 18 inches dbh.
Public Tree
Any tree located in the public ROW, city park, and/
or city facility.
Right Tree, Right Place
Careful planning for the planting of a tree.
Considerations for whether a tree is the right
tree and whether it is planted in the right
place, include: mature height, canopy spread,
deciduous/evergreen, form/shape, growth rate,
soil requirements, light requirements, water
requirements, fruit debris, and hardiness zone.
Secondary Tree
A healthy Ash, Bois D’ Arc, Hackberry, or
Cottonwood tree, with a dbh greater than six inches.
Street Tree
Any tree growing within the tree maintenance strip
whether or not planted by the city.
Structural and Training Pruning
Pruning to develop a sound and desirable scaffold
branch structure in a tree and to reduce the
likelihood of branch failure.
Tree Canopy
The layer of leaves, branches, and stems of trees
that cover the ground when viewed from above.
Tree City USA
A program through the Arbor Day Foundation that
advocates for green urban areas through enhanced
tree planting and care.
Tree Risk Assessment Qualified (TRAQ)
An International Society of Arboriculture
qualification. Upon completion of this training,
tree care professionals demonstrate proficiency in
assessing tree risk.
Urban Forest
The collection of privately owned and publicly
owned trees and woody shrubs that grow within an
urban area.
Urban Forest Master Plan (PLAN)
A document that provides a comprehensive
information, recommendations, and timelines
to guide for the efficient and safe management
of a city’s tree canopy. The Plan uses adaptive
management model to provide reasoned and
transparent calls to action from an inventory of
existing resources.
Urban Forestry
The cultivation and management of native or
introduced trees and related vegetation in urban
areas for their present and potential contribution
to the economic, physiological, sociological, and
ecological well-being of urban society.
Urban Tree Canopy Assessment (UTC)
A document based off of GIS mapping data that
provides a birds-eye view of the entire urban forest
and establishes a tree canopy baseline of known
accuracy. The UTC helps managers understand the
quantity and distribution of existing tree canopy,
potential impacts of tree planting and removal,
quantified annual benefits trees provide to the
community, and benchmark canopy percent values.
Wildfire Urban Interface (WUI)
A transition zone where homes are located on the
edge of fire prone areas, and are at an increased
risk of personal injury or property damage resulting
from a wildfire.
Appendix C:
Industry Standards
ANSI Z133 SAFETY STANDARD, 2017
Reviews general safety, electrical hazards, use of
vehicles and mobile equipment, portable power
hand tools, hand tools and ladders, climbing, and
work procedures.
ANSI A300
ANSI A300 standards represent the industry
consensus on performing tree care operations.
The standards can be used to prepare tree care
contract specifications.
ANSI A300 Pruning Standard-Part 1, 2017
ANSI A300 Soil Management-Part 2, 2011
ANSI A300 Support Systems Standard-Part 3, 2013
ANSI A300 Construction Management Standard-
Part 5, 2012
ANSI A300 Transplanting Standard-Part 6, 2012
ANSI A300 Integrated Vegetation Management
Standard-Part 7, 2012
ANSI A300 Root Management Standard-Part 8, 2013
ANSI A300 Tree Risk Assessment Standard. Tree
Failure-Part 9, 2017
ANSI A300 Integrated Pest Management-
Part 10, 2016
Includes guidelines for implementing IPM
programs, including standards for Integrated Pest
Management, IPM Practices, tools and equipment,
and definition.
Texas 67
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPs)
Integrated Pest Management, Second Edition,
P. Eric Wiseman and Michael J. Raupp 2016
Provides a comprehensive overview of the basic
definitions, concepts, and practices that pertain
to landscape Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
The publication provides specific information for
designing, planning, and implementing an IPM
program as part of a comprehensive Plant Health
Care (PHC) management system, including topics
such as:
• IPM Concepts and Definitions
• Action Thresholds
• Monitoring Tools and Techniques
• Preventive Tactics
• Control Tactics
• Documentation and Recordkeeping
Integrated Vegetation Management, Second
Edition, Randall H. Miller, 2014
A guide to the selection and application of methods
and techniques for vegetation control for electric
rights-of-way projects and gas pipeline rights-
of-way. Topics included: safety, site evaluations,
action thresholds, evaluation and selection of
control methods, implementing control methods,
monitoring treatment and quality assurance,
environmental protection, tree pruning and removal,
and a glossary of terms.
Managing Trees During Construction, Second
Edition, Kelby Fite and E. Thomas Smiley, 2016
Describes tree conservation and preservation
practices that help to protect selected trees
throughout the construction planning and
development process so that they will continue to
provide benefits for decades after site disturbance,
including planning phase, design phase, pre-
construction phase, construction phase, and post-
construction phase.
Plant Health Care for Woody Ornamental: A
Professional’s Guide to Preventing and Managing
Environmental Stresses and Pests, Developed in
partnership with the USDA Forest Service, 1997
A comprehensive manual on plant health
maintenance, which includes information on basic
biology of woody plants, understanding stress and
pest complexes, abiotic disorders and diseases,
management of insect and vertebrate pests, weed
management, and working with clients and the public.
Root Management, Larry Costello, Gary Watson,
and Tom Smiley, 2017
Recommended practices for inspecting, pruning, and
directing the roots of trees in urban environments
to promote their longevity, while minimizing
infrastructure conflicts.
Special companion publication to the ANSI A300 Part
8: Tree, Shrub, and Other Woody Plant Management–
Standard Practices (Root Management)
Tree Planting, Second Edition, Gary Watson, 2014
Provides processes for tree planting, including site
and species selection, planting practices, post-
planting pruning, and early tree care. Other topics
included are time of planting, nursery stock (types,
selection, and handling), preparing the planting
hole, planting practices, root loss and new root
growth, redevelopment of root structure, pruning,
palms, after planting, final inspection, and a
glossary of terms.
Tree Inventories, Second Edition, Jerry Bond, 2013
Provides considerations for managing large
numbers of trees considered as individuals rather
than groups and serves as guide for making
informed decisions that align with inventory goals
with needs and resources, including inventory goals
and objectives, benefits and costs, types, work
specifications, and maintaining inventory quality.
Tree Risk Assessment, Second Edition, E. Thomas
Smiley, Nelda Matheny, and Sharon Lilly, 2017
A guide for assessing tree risk as accurately and
consistently as possible, to evaluate that risk,
and to recommend measures that achieve an
acceptable level of risk, including topics such as:
risk assessment basics, levels and scope of tree risk
assessment, assessing targets, sites, and trees, tree
risk categorization, risk mitigation (preventive and
remedial actions), risk reporting, tree related conflicts
that can be a source of risk, loads on trees, structural
defects and conditions that affect likelihood of failure,
response growth, and description of selected types of
advanced tree risk assessments.
Tree Shrub Fertilization, Third Edition, E. Thomas
Smiley, Sharon Lilly, and Patrick Kelsey, 2013
Aids in the selection and application of fertilizers
for trees and shrubs, including essential elements,
determining goals and objectives of fertilization, soil
testing and plan analysis, fertilizer selection, timing,
application, application area, rates, storage and
handling of fertilizer, sample fertilizer contract for
commercial/municipal clients.
Soil Management, Bryant Scharenbroch, E. Thomas
Smiley, and Wes Kocher, 2014
Focuses on the protection and restoration of soil
quality that support trees and shrubs in the urban
environment, including goals of soil management,
assessment, sampling, and analysis, modifications
and amendments, tillage, conservation, and a
glossary of terms.
Utility Pruning of Trees, Geoffrey P. Kempter, 2004
Describes the current best practices in utility tree
pruning based on scientific research and proven
methodology for the safe and reliable delivery of
utility services, while preventing unnecessary injury
to trees. An overview of safety, tools and equipment,
pruning methods and practices, and emergency
restoration are included.
AMERICAN PUBLIC WORKS ASSOCIATION
The American Public Works Association (APWA)
produces manuals for agencies of any size and
with a range of responsibilities to use in order
to develop policies and procedures necessary
to perform as full-service public works agency.
In addition to the Public Works Management
Practices Manual (currently in its ninth edition),
APWA publishes a series of pocket guides.
Tree Protection & Preservation: A Pocket Guide of
Best Management Practices
The Tree Protection & Preservation Pocket Guide
provides basic and practical information on how
to manage trees at-risk in construction areas.
These Best Management Practices help to give
trees the best chance of survival before and after
construction.
68 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Appendices
Appendix D: Soil Volume
& Tree Stature
Tree growth is limited by soil volume. Larger stature
trees require larger volumes of uncompacted soil
to reach mature size and canopy spread (Casey
Trees, 2008).
Appendices:
Appendix E: Alternative
Planter Designs
Stormwater tree pits are designed to collect runoff
from streets, parking lots, and other impervious
areas. Stormwater is directed into scuppers that flow
into below-grade planters that then allow stormwater
to infiltrate soils to supplement irrigation.
Texas 69
Appendices:
Tree Protection Zone – Example
70 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
71
Appendices:
Tree Protection Zone – Example
DefinitionsTexas
Appendices:
Appendix F:
Indicators of a
Sustainable
Urban Forest
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XRegional Collaboration
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Condition of Public Trees - Natural Areas
Urban Tree Canopy
Trees on Private Property
Equitable Distribution
Species Diversity
Size/Age Distribution
Suitability
Condition of Public Trees - Streets, Parks
Soil Volume
Indicators of a Sustainable Urban Forest
TotalsTHE TREESTHE PLAYERSTHE MGMT APPROACHTree Inventory
Utility Engagement
Tree Protection Policy
Canopy Assessment
Developer Engagement
City Staffing and Equipment
Management Plan
Public Awareness
Funding
Risk Management Program
Disaster Preparedness & Response
Communications
Maintenance of Publicly-Owned Trees (ROWs)
Planting Program
Neighborhood Action
Large Private & Institutional Landholder Involvement
Green Industry Involvement
Funder Engagement
Number of Species Exceeding 10%
Table 3: A Sustainable Urban Forest Indicators Combined Results
X
X
2
X
X
X
X
X
15
X
X
X
X
13
HighMediumLow
Assessed Performance Level
72 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Urban Tree Canopy Achieve the desired tree canopy cover according to goals set for the entire city and neighborhoods. Alternatively, achieve 75% of the total canopy possible for the entire city and in each neighborhood.”
Canopy is decreasing. - and/or - No canopy goals have been set.
Canopy is not dropping, but not on a trajectory to achieve the established goal. Canopy goal is achieved, or well on the way to achievement.
Space and Soil Volume Establish minimum street tree soil volume requirements to ensure there is adequate space and soil for street trees to thrive. Minimum soil volumes by mature size: 1000 cubic feet
for large trees; 600 cubic feet for medium trees; 300 cubic feet for small trees.
Minimum street tree soil volumes have not been established.Minimum street tree soil volume has been established based on mature size of tree.Minimum street tree soil volumes have been established and are required to be adhered to for all new street tree planting projects.
HighMediumLow
Indicators of a Sustainable
Urban Forest
Overall Objective or Industry
Standard
Performance Levels
73Definitions
Age of Trees (Size and Age Distribution)
Establish a diverse-aged population of public trees across the
entire city and for each neighborhood. Ideal standard: 0-8”” DBH: 40% 9-17”” DBH: 30% 18-24”” DBH: 20% Over 24”” DBH: 10%
No current information is available on size.
- OR - Age distribution is not proportionally distributed across size classes at the city level.
Size classes are evenly distributed at the
city level, though unevenly distributed at the neighborhood level.
Age distribution is generally aligned with
the ideal standard diameter classes at the neighborhood level.
Condition of
Publicly-Owned Natural Areas (trees managed extensively)
Possess a detailed understanding of the ecological structure and function of all publicly-owned natural areas (such as woodlands, ravines, stream corridors, etc.), as well as usage
patterns.
No current information is available on tree condition or risk.Publicly-owned natural areas are identified in a sample-based “natural areas survey” or similar data.
Information from a current, GIS-based, 100% complete natural areas survey is utilized to document ecological structure
and function, as well as usage patterns.
Diversity Establish a genetically diverse population of publicly-owned
trees across the entire city and for each neighborhood. Tree populations should be comprised of no more than 30% of any family, 20% of any genus, or 10% of any species.
No current information is available on
species. - OR - Fewer than five species dominate the entire tree population citywide.
No species represents more than 20% of
the entire tree population citywide.
No species represents more than 10% of the
entire tree population citywide.
Location of Canopy (Equitable Distribution)
Achieve low variation between tree canopy and equity factors citywide by neighborhood. Ensure that the benefits of tree canopy are available to all, especially for those most affected by these benefits.
Tree planting and public outreach and education is not determined by tree canopy cover or benefits.
Tree planting and public outreach and education is focused on neighborhoods with low tree canopy.
Tree planting and public outreach and education is focused in neighborhoods with low tree canopy and a high need for tree benefits.
Condition of
Publicly Owned Trees
(trees managed intensively)
Possess a detailed understanding of tree condition and potential risk of all intensively-managed, publicly-owned trees.
This information is used to direct maintenance actions.
No current information is available on tree condition or risk. Information from a partial or sample or inventory is used to assess tree condition
and risk.
Information from a current, GIS-based, 100% complete public tree inventory is used
to indicate tree condition and risk.
Trees on Private Property Possess a solid understanding of the extent, location and general condition of trees on private lands.No data is available on private trees.Current tree canopy assessment reflects basic information (location) of both public and private canopy combined.
Detailed information available on private trees. Ex. bottom-up sample-based assessment of trees.
Climate Resilience/
Suitability
Establish a tree population suited to the urban environment
and adapted to the overall region. Suitable species are gauged
by exposure to imminent threats, considering the “Right Tree for the Right Place” concept and invasive species.
No current information is available on
species suitability.
- OR - Less than 50% of trees are considered suitable for the site.
50% to 75% of trees are considered suitable
for the site.
More than 75% of trees are considered
suitable for the site.
THE TREES
Table 4: A Sustainable Urban Forest Indicators: The Trees
Texas
Neighborhood Action Citizens understand, cooperate, and participate in urban forest management at the neighborhood level. Urban forestry is a neighborhood-scale issue.
Little or no citizen involvement or neighborhood action.Some active groups are engaged in advancing urban forestry activity, but with no unified set of goals or priorities.
The majority of all neighborhoods are organized, connected, and working towards a unified set of goals and priorities.
Regional Collaboration Neighboring communities and regional groups are actively cooperating and interacting to advance the region’s stake in the city’s urban forest.
Little or no interaction between neighboring communities and regional groups. Neighboring communities and regional groups share similar goals and policy vehicles related to trees and the urban
forest.
Regional urban forestry planning, coordination, and management is widespread.
HighMediumLow
Indicators of a Sustainable
Urban Forest
Overall Objective or Industry
Standard
Performance Levels
Green Industry Involvement The green industry works together to advance citywide urban
forest goals and objectives. The city and its partners capitalize on local green industry expertise and innovation.
Little or no involvement from green industry
leaders to advance local urban forestry goals.
Some partnerships are in place to advance
local urban forestry goals, but more often for the short-term.
Long-term committed partnerships are
working to advance local urban forestry goals.
Funder Engagement Possess a detailed understanding of the ecological structure and function of all publicly-owned natural areas (such as woodlands, ravines, stream corridors, etc.), as well as usage
patterns.
Local funders are engaged and invested in urban forestry initiatives. Funding is adequate to implement citywide urban forest
management plan.
Little or no funders are engaged in urban forestry initiatives.Funders are engaged in urban forestry initiatives at minimal levels for short-term projects. Multiple funders are fully engaged
and active in urban forestry initiatives for
short-term projects and long-term goals.
State Engagement State departments/agencies are aware of and vested in the
urban forest and cooperates to advance citywide urban forest goals and objectives.
State departments/agencies and City
agencies act independently of urban forestry efforts. No coordination exists.
State department/agencies and City
agencies have engaged in dialogues about urban forestry efforts with respect to capital improvement and infrastructure projects.
State departments/agencies, City agencies,
and other stakeholders integrate and collaborate on all urban forestry efforts, including planning, site work, and outreach/education.
Large Private & Institutional Landholder Involvement
Large, private, and institutional landholders embrace citywide goals and objectives through targeted resource management plans.
Large private land holders are unaware of issues and potential influence in the urban forest. No large private land management plans are currently in place.
Education materials and advice is available to large private landholders. Few large private landholders or institutions have management plans in place.
Clear and concise goals are established for large private land holders through direct education and assistance programs. Key landholders and institutions have management plans in place.
City Department and
Agency Cooperation
All city departments and agencies cooperate to advance citywide urban forestry goals and objectives.Conflicting goals and/or actions among city departments and agencies.Informal teams among departments and agencies are communicating and
implementing common goals on a project-
specific basis.
Common goals and collaboration occur across all departments and agencies. City
policy and actions are implemented by
formal interdepartmental and interagency working teams on all city projects.
Utility Engagement All utilities are aware of and vested in the urban forest and cooperates to advance citywide urban forest goals and objectives.
Utilities and city agencies act independently of urban forestry efforts. No coordination exists.
Utilities and city agencies have engaged in dialogues about urban forestry efforts with respect to capital improvement and infrastructure projects.
Utilities, city agencies, and other stakeholders integrate and collaborate on all urban forestry efforts, including planning, site work, and outreach/education.
Public Awareness The general public understands the benefits of trees and
advocates for the role and importance of the urban forest.
Trees are generally seen as a nuisance, and
thus, a drain on city budgets and personal
paychecks.
Trees are generally recognized as important
and beneficial.
Trees are seen as valuable infrastructure
and vital to the community’s well-being.
The urban forest is recognized for the unique environmental, economic, and social services its provides to the community.
THE PLAYERS
Table 5: A Sustainable Urban Forest Indicators: The Players
74 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
Tree Inventory Comprehensive, GIS-based, current inventory of all intensively-managed public trees to guide management, with mechanisms in place to keep data current and available for use. Data allows for
analysis of age distribution, condition, risk, diversity, and suitability.
No inventory or out-of-date inventory of publicly-owned trees.Partial or sample-based inventory of publicly-owned trees, inconsistently updated. Complete, GIS-based inventory of publicly-owned trees, updated on a regular, systematic basis.
Management Plan Existence and buy-in of a comprehensive urban forest management plan to achieve city-wide goals. Re-evaluation is conducted every 5 to
10 years.
No urban forest management plan exists.A plan for the publicly-owned forest resource exists but is limited in scope, acceptance, and
implementation.
A comprehensive plan for the publicly owned forest resource exists and is accepted and
implemented.
Maintenance Program of Publicly-Owned Trees (trees managed intensively)
All intensively-managed, publicly-owned trees are well maintained for
optimal health & condition in order to extend longevity & maximize benefits. A reasonable cyclical pruning program is in place, generally targeting 5–7 year cycles. Maintenance program is outlined in the management plan.
Request-based, reactive system. No
systematic pruning program is in place for publicly-owned trees.
All publicly-owned trees are systematically
maintained, but pruning cycle is inadequate.
All publicly-owned trees are proactively and
systematically maintained and adequately pruned on a cyclical basis.
Planting Program Comprehensive and effective tree planting and establishment program is driven by canopy cover goals, equity considerations, and other priorities according to the plan. Tree planting and establishment is outlined in the management plan.
Tree establishment is ad hoc.Tree establishment is consistently funded and occurs on an annual basis.Tree establishment is directed by needs derived from a tree inventory and other community plans and is sufficient in meeting canopy cover objectives.
City Staffing
and Equipment
Adequate staff and access to the equipment and vehicles to implement the management plan. A high level urban forester or planning professional, strong operations staff, and solid certified arborist
technicians.
Insufficient staffing levels, insufficiently-trained staff, and/or inadequate equipment and vehicle
availability.
Certified arborists and professional urban foresters on staff have some professional development, but are lacking adequate staff
levels or adequate equipment.
Multi-disciplinary team within the urban forestry unit, including an urban forestry professional, operations manager, and arborist technicians. Vehicles and
equipment are sufficient to complete required work.
Canopy Assessment Accurate, high-resolution, and recent assessment of existing
and potential city-wide tree canopy cover that is regularly updated and available for use across various departments, agencies, and/or disciplines.
No tree canopy assessement.Sample-based canopy cover assessment, or
dated (over 10 years old) high resolution canopy assessment.
High-resolution tree canopy assessment using
aerial photographs or satellite imagery.
Risk Management Program All publicly-owned trees are managed for maximum public safety by way of maintaining a city-wide inventory, conducting proactive annual inspections, and eliminating hazards within a set timeframe based on risk level. Risk management program is outlined in the management plan.
Request-based, reactive system. The condition of publicly-owned trees is unknown.
There is some degree of risk abatement thanks to knowledge of condition of publicly-owned trees, though generally still managed as a request-based reactive system.
There is a complete tree inventory with risk assessment data and a risk abatement program in effect. Hazards are eliminated within a set time period depending on the level of risk.
Maintenance Program of
Publicly-Owned Natural Areas
(trees managed extensively)
The ecological structure and function of all publicly-owned natural areas are protected and enhanced while accommodating public use where appropriate.
No natural areas management plans are in effect.Only reactive management efforts to facilitate public use (risk abatement).Management plans are in place for each publicly-owned natural area focused on managing ecological structure and function and facilitating
public use.
Tree Protection Policy Comprehensive and regularly updated tree protection ordinance
with enforcement ability is based on community goals. The benefits
derived from trees on public and private property are ensured by the enforcement of existing policies.
No tree protection policy.Policies are in place to protect trees, but the
policies are not well-enforced or ineffective.
Protections policies ensure the safety of trees on
public and private land. The policies are enforced
and supported by significant deterrents and shared ownership of city goals.
Funding Appropriate funding in place to fully implement both proactive and
reactive needs based on a comprehensive urban forest management plan.
Funding comes from the public sector
only, and covers only reactive work.
Funding levels (public and private) generally
cover mostly reactive work. Low levels of risk management and planting in place.
Dynamic, active funding from engaged private
partners and adequate public funding are used to proactively manage and expand the urban forest.
Communication Effective avenues of two-way communication exist between the city departments and between city and its citizens. No avenues are in place. City departments and public determine on an ad-hoc basis the best messages and avenues to communicate.
Avenues are in place, but used sporadically and without coordination or only on a one-way basis.Avenues are in place for two way communication, are well-used with targeted, coordinated messages.
Disaster Preparedness
& Response
A disaster management plan is in place related to the city’s urban forest. The plan includes staff roles, contracts, response priorities,
debris management and a crisis communication plan. Staff are regularly trained and/or updated.
No disaster response plan is in place.A disaster plan is in place, but pieces are missing and/or staff are not regularly trained or
updated.
A robust disaster management plan is in place, regularly updated and staff is fully trained on
roles and processes.
HighMediumLow
Indicators of a Sustainable
Urban Forest
Overall Objective or Industry
Standard
Performance Levels
75Definitions
THE MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Table 6: A Sustainable Urban Forest Indicators: The Management
Texas
Appendices:
Appendix
G: Property
Purchase
Decision
Criteria
Combined Score
Category Score
High Value Canopy/Species Trees provide numerous environmental benefits to the community. But not all trees provide the same level of benefits. Native tree species and other significant species, recognized for their contribution to ecosystem benefits, are especially valuable. In addition to providing wildlife habitat, native trees are well-adapted to the local climate and may require less maintenance and less water than introduced species. Significant trees or high-value tree species may or may not be native trees but are significant contributors to the overall diversity of the urban forest and significantly contribute to the overall environmental benefits. Other considerations for what make a tree significant include: size, crown density, drought-tolerance, longevity, contributions to air quality and stormwater capture, reducing energy consumption, and mitigating the effects of urban heat islands.
Canopy Cover Tree canopy provides numerous benefits to the community. Although, the quality of the canopy, i.e. health, and overall expanse of the canopy impacts the overall environmental benefits.
Stormwater Benefits Higher impervious surfaces, characteristic of urban areas, result in increased surface runoff and nonpoint source pollution. Stormwater management can add significantly to the cost of infrastructure a community must invest to manage/treat stormwater. Trees and canopy capture stormwater, reduce runoff, increase soil percolation, and filter pollutants. Therefore, trees can contribute to stormwater management and reduce the need for additional infrastructure. Additionally, trees along streams, creeks, rivers, and man-made water management systems can stabilize the soils along the banks to reduce erosion.
Passive Recreation Open space areas and tree canopy promote engagement with nature and the outdoors, especially when they are easily accessible and/or congruent with existing trails and greenbelts. Passive recreation (e.g., hiking, forest bathing) offer residents an important respite from urban stress. Creating opportunities for passive recreation generally requires only minimal development (e.g., signage, trail maintenance) and forestlands can be minimally managed with less impact on the ecosystem.
Brownfield land/Foreclosure Contaminated brownfield sites can sit unused for decades because the cost of cleaning the site is more than the value of the land would be worth for redevelopment. Similarly, foreclosures may have debt beyond market feasibility. Additionally, sites may have EPA liens, past taxes, and in severely deteriorated condition.
Forest Connectivity Forest connectivity promotes ecosystem functionality and biodiversity, and creates wildlife habitat and corridors for birds, insects, and other animals. Strategic purchase of property that connects with and/or bridges existing core canopy, open space, and/or greenbelts can greatly benefit wildlife and forest ecosystems.
Equitable Distribution Numerous studies have shown that tree canopy is not always equally distributed across communities. Often, in urban areas, these
discrepancies can be observed across socioeconomic and demographic lines. Tree canopy provides numerous environmental and social benefits to the community, but if tree canopy is not proportionate, benefits provided by public trees are not enjoyed equitably.
Parcel size and shape Some parcels of land are subdivided over time. Sometimes remaining parcels are narrow, irregularly shaped, or are not large
enough to allow for building and development. Irregularly shaped and/or otherwise low-value parcels may be available at a
reduced price.
DESCRIPTIONPROPERTY CHARACTERISTIC
Purchasing property provides an opportunity to preserve trees and set aside space for future tree plantings. It is important to consider costs and the existing real-estate market along with the following criteria when purchasing property.
76 DentonUrban Forest Master Plan
77Definitions
A combined score of 13 or less suggests the property will not likely
preserve or expand canopy cover.
A combined score of between 14 and 19 suggests the property may
preserve or expand canopy cover. Additional considerations may be
required before purchase.
A combined score of 20 or more suggests that property will likely preserve
and expand canopy cover.
Areas with a low score are assigned a value of 1. Areas with a moderate score are assigned a value of 2.Areas with a high score are assigned a value of 3.
Property has none or few native or significant trees. Property may include a prevalence of invasive species or high- maintenance species that are not well-adapted to the local climate.
Property has native or significant trees. May also include some invasive or high- maintenance species where control is manageable. Health of the trees are in fair or worse condition. May include valuable habitat/forage for wildlife. May be adjacent to, or including, wetlands, rivers, streams, and/or steep slopes, where canopy provides benefits to water quality, fish habitat, and soil preservation.
Property is mostly populated by native or significant trees. Trees and canopy are in overall fair or better condition. May also include high-value habitat/forage for wildlife and/or threatened and endangered species. Is adjacent to, or including, wetlands, rivers, streams, and/or steep slopes, where canopy provides benefits to water quality, fish habitat, and soil preservation.
Tree canopy cover is not well understood; GIS land cover layer is not available/
existing. Canopy cover of property is estimated to be minimal (<20%). Health
of the overall canopy cover on the property is in less than fair condition.
Tree canopy is mapped through GIS land cover layer. Estimates indicate that
the property has at least a moderate level of tree canopy (20-35%) and in
mostly fair or better condition.
Tree canopy is understood through a GIS land cover layer. Tree canopy
coverage is high (>35% canopy cover) and the overall health is in fair or
better condition.
Property has high levels of impervious surface or bare soil, which increases the effects of stormwater runoff or property is not located adjacent to water bodies to positively contribute to reducing erosion.
Property has a mixture of both tree canopy and low-lying vegetation (shrubs and grasses), which positively contribute to reducing stormwater runoff OR property is adjacent to bodies of water or stormwater management systems.
Property has a high level of canopy, which may be a mix of trees, shrubs, and grasses AND is adjacent to bodies of water or stormwater management systems, with a likelihood to reduce stormwater runoff and erosion.
Property is land-locked or not located in an area that would easily transition to a state that would provide passive recreation opportunities.
Property may require some investment to provide passive recreation activities or has potential for future connections or access based on adjacent property use.
Property requires minimal investment to provide passive recreation opportunities for the community and promotes preservation of environmentally sensitive areas. Property has connections to other recreation areas, trails, or connectivity to existing open space.
Property is marketable for redevelopment OR the site is not suitable for tree canopy. n/a Property is designated as a brownfield site or is in foreclosure with EPA liens, past taxes, and the cost to clean the property or the debt of the property makes it undesirable for redevelopment or development. However, property is suitable for tree canopy and/or includes canopy and may be available at a reduced price.
Property is not adjacent to existing core canopy. Location does not provide support or connectivity to known wildlife corridors or high-value habitat. Core canopy is defined as tree canopy that exists within and relatively far from the forest/non-forest boundary (i.e., forested areas surrounded by more forested areas).
Property includes edge or perforated canopy and is connected/adjacent to core canopy. Location may augment and/or support connectivity to known wildlife corridors and/or high value habitat. Edge canopy is defined as the boundary between core forests and large core forests and large non-forested land cover features. Perforated canopy defines the boundary between core forests and relatively small clearings (perforations) within the forest landscape.
Property includes core canopy and augments existing canopy corridors known to support wildlife habitat, nesting, foraging and migration. Core canopy is defined as tree canopy that exists within and relatively far from the forest/non-forest boundary (i.e., forested areas surrounded by more forested areas).
Canopy would not positively contribute to the equitable distribution of
canopy across the community OR the distribution of canopy is not well studied or understood in the community.
n/a Canopy would contribute to a more equitable distribution of canopy across
the community.
Parcel is regular shaped and/or large enough to permit building for
development.
n/a Parcel is irregularly shaped or smaller than the required buildable area for
development.
PROPERTY CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTY CHARACTERISTIC
Texas
“Though the word beautification makes the
concept sound merely cosmetic, it involves much
more: clean water, clean air, clean roadsides, safe
waste disposal and preservation of valued old
landmarks as well as great parks and wilderness
areas. To me…beautification means our total
concern for the physical and human quality we
pass on to our children and the future.
LADY BIRD JOHNSON
Urban Forest Master Plan