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Home My WebLink About2026-028 Newspaper of RecordApril 24, 2026 Report No. 2026-028 INFORMAL STAFF REPORT TO MAYOR AND CITY COUNCIL SUBJECT: Review of all available news outlets that are eligible to serve as the City of Denton’s newspaper of record. SUMMARY: On February 18, Mayor Hudspeth submitted a two-minute pitch requesting a review of all available news outlets that could serve as the City’s Newspaper of Record, in accordance with all applicable regulations or requirements. BACKGROUND: Several state statutes and the City Charter govern the publication of legal notices and the designation of an official newspaper. State Requirements: • Texas Government Code §2051.044 establishes minimum criteria for newspapers used to publish legal notices, including content requirements, publication frequency, USPS periodical status, and continuous operation for at least 12 months. • §2051.0441, amended effective May 2025, permits digital-only newspapers for certain small counties; however, Denton County does not qualify. • SB 943 (effective September 1, 2023) continues to require printed publication in a general- circulation newspaper but mandates that the notices also be posted online outside paywalls and forwarded to the Texas Press Association’s (TPA) statewide public notice site. • Various statutes additionally require publication of items such as annexations, condemnations, general election notices, and bond election notices. Failure to publish in a qualifying newspaper could render an action subject to legal challenge. City of Denton Requirements: • Article XIV §14.03 of the City Charter requires City Council to annually designate by resolution an official newspaper in which all ordinances and required notices must be published. Definition of a Newspaper of General Circulation: In addition to the minimum objective requirements of Texas Government Code §2051.044, a qualifying newspaper must meet factual indicators of general readership. The Texas Attorney General identifies several factors, including: • Publishing content of general interest in the community. April 24, 2026 Report No. 2026-028 • Having more than a de minimis number of subscribers1 within city limits. • Readership that is not limited to a single neighborhood or narrow geographic area. In the same opinion, factors that may also be considered by a Texas court were listed including: • Availability to anyone who wishes to subscribe. • Use by the public to stay informed about news, opinion, and advertisements. • Ability to provide the widest practicable publicity for legal notices. Evaluation of Newspapers: Given the state and local requirements, staff were able to identify and review the following local newspapers: • Denton Record Chronicle – Meets statutory requirements. • Community Impact – Meets statutory requirements. • Cross Timbers Gazette – Meets statutory requirements. • North Texas Daily – Does not meet key statutory requirements due to its student‑media structure and lack of a traditional subscriber base. General Circulation Factors: The following summarizes factual considerations about readership and circulation: Denton Record Chronicle • Paid‑subscription newspaper available in print and online. • Weekly publication. • Content focused on Denton and Denton County with broad, diverse readership. • Actively publishes legal notices and forwards them to TPA. • Not freely distributed to all households. Community Impact • Free monthly publication direct‑mailed to approximately 60,000 residences and businesses in southern Denton County. • Also available online without a paywall. • Has confirmed they do not publish or offer legal notice advertising, but has indicated they are working with their attorneys to make the necessary changes to their model to be qualified to offer legal notices as an option in future months. • 1 The Attorney General has not confirmed whether free newspapers qualify as newspapers of general circulation; Opinion JC‑0223 provides general criteria but does not resolve this question. April 24, 2026 Report No. 2026-028 • Readership is geographically concentrated in southern Denton County, not exclusively Denton. Cross Timbers Gazette • Free monthly publication direct‑mailed to approximately 60,000 residences and businesses in southern Denton County. • Also available online without a paywall. • Has confirmed they do not offer advertising of legal notices. North Texas Daily • Student-run publication • Daily online and weekly in print distributed free on the UNT campus and select Denton locations. • Subscriber base consists primarily of students, with limited off-campus subscriptions. • Practical indicators suggest it may not meet criteria related to subscriber base and diverse citywide readership. Practical Considerations: • Statutory requirements are objective; however, “general circulation” is fact-based and may require the governing body to make a reasoned determination. • Some Texas governmental entities establish minimum subscriber numbers or other thresholds when evaluating newspapers for legal notice publication. • The City must ensure the designated publication reliably meets TPA submission requirements, publication timelines, and visibility expectations. • A review of the TPA website for Denton County shows most political subdivisions close to, or in, Denton County publish governmental notices in the Denton Record Chronicle, the Dallas Morning News, or the Pilot Point Post Signal (city of Pilot Point only). CONCLUSION: Based on the statutory requirements, general‑circulation factors, and the practical considerations associated with publishing legal notices, the Denton Record‑Chronicle is currently the only newspaper that currently satisfies all statutory criteria and provides the infrastructure needed to reliably publish and forward legal notices in compliance with state law and City Charter requirements. While Community Impact and the Cross Timbers Gazette meet several statutory thresholds, neither publication currently publishes legal notices, and both present unresolved legal and operational uncertainties regarding their qualification as newspapers of general circulation. Should either publication pursue posting legal notices, they could be considered as an option for the City’s Newspaper of Record at that time. The North Texas Daily does not meet key statutory requirements related to diverse citywide readership. Upon receipt of the Informal Staff Report, Mayor Hudspeth may indicate if the information provided satisfies his request. Should the request not be satisfied, the item will be considered by the Agenda Committee for placement on a future Work Session agenda or routing through an appropriate board, commission, or committee. April 24, 2026 Report No. 2026-028 ATTACHMENTS: Exhibit 1 – Article XIV § 14.03 of the City’s Charter Exhibit 2 – § 2051.044 of the Texas Government Code STAFF CONTACT: Ingrid Rex, TRMC City Secretary, Office of the City Secretary ingrid.rex@cityofdenton.com Kristi Fogle Chief of Staff, Office of the City Manager kristi.fogle@cityofdenton.com REQUESTOR: Mayor Hudspeth STAFF TIME TO COMPLETE REPORT: 10 hours PARTICIPATING DEPARTMENTS: City Manager’s Office, City Secretary’s Office, City Attorney’s Office Created: 2025-11-14 07:48:21 [EST] (Supp. No. 36, Update 1) Page 1 of 3 ARTICLE XIV. GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec. 14.01. Reserved. Editor's note(s)—Ord. No. 79-86, § 2, adopted Dec. 11, 1979, and ratified Jan. 19, 1980, deleted former section 14.01 which pertained to the health officer and was derived unamended from the Charter adopted Feb. 24, 1959. Sec. 14.02. Publicity of records. All public records collected, assembled, or maintained by the city in accordance with the transaction of official business shall be available to the public during normal business hours, subject to the exceptions and regulations authorized by applicable state law. (Ord. No. 79-86, § 2, 12-11-79, ratified 1-19-80) Sec. 14.03. Official newspaper. The city council shall annually select and designate by resolution the official newspaper of the city in which all ordinances and official notices that are required to be published shall be published. Sec. 14.04. Ethics Ordinance Requirement. The City Council shall adopt an ethics ordinance. The ethics ordinance shall prohibit the use of public office for private gain and shall incorporate the conflict of interest standards that appear in V.T.C.A., Local Government Code, Ch. 171 and all state law as presently exist or may be hereafter amended or adopted. The Council may adopt more stringent standards than those that appear in state law, but the ethics ordinance shall at a minimum include the following components: (1) Definition of a prohibited improper economic interest and personal gain; (2) Definition of recusal and improper participation when a potential conflict of interest is present; (3) Avoidance of appearance of conflict of interest; and (4) Administration and enforcement of ethics ordinance, including the power to subpoena witnesses and documents, coupled with strong and meaningful remedies for infraction. (Ord. No. 2017-237, § 1(Amend. D), 8-15-17, ratified 11-7-17; Ord. No. 2017-373, § 2(Prop. D), 11-20-17) Ord. No. 2017-237, § 1(Amend. D), adopted August 15, 2017, ratified 11-7-17 repealed the former §§ 14.04, 14.05 and enacted a new § 14.04 as set out herein. The former §§ 14.04, 14.05 pertained to personal interest and nepotism and derived from Ord. No. 79-86, § 2, 12-11-79, ratified 1-19-80; Ord. No. 99-057, Amend. No. 25, 2-16-99, ratified 5-1-99; Ord. No. 2006-232, Amend. No. 23, 8-28-06, ratified 11-7-06. Sec. 14.05. Reserved. Editor's note(s)—See Editor's Note for § 14.04. Created: 2025-11-14 07:48:21 [EST] (Supp. No. 36, Update 1) Page 2 of 3 Sec. 14.06. Oath of office. Every officer of the city shall before entering upon the duties of office take and subscribe to the following oath or affirmation, to be filed and kept in the office of the city secretary: "I, ___________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the duties of the office of ___________ of the City of Denton, Texas, and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States and of this State and the Charter and ordinances of this City; and I furthermore solemnly swear (or affirm) that I have not directly or indirectly paid, offered or promised to pay, contributed or promised to contribute any money, or valuable thing, or promised any public office or employment, as a reward for the giving or withholding a vote at the election at which I was elected. (or if the office is one of appointment, "to secure my appointment.") So Help Me God." (Ord. No. 25-445, Prop. A, § 27, 5-13-25, ratified 5-3-25) Sec. 14.07. Continuation of present offices. All persons holding administrative office either by election or appointment at the time this Charter becomes effective shall continue in office and in the performance of their duties until provision shall have been made in accordance therewith for the performance of such duties or the discontinuance of such office. The powers conferred and the duties imposed upon any office, department or agency of the city by the laws of the state shall, if such office, department or agency be abolished by this Charter or under its authority, be thereafter exercised and discharged by the office, department or agency designated by the council unless otherwise provided herein. Secs. 14.08, 14.09. Reserved. Editor's note(s)—Ord. No. 79-86, § 2, adopted Dec. 11, 1979, and ratified Jan. 19, 1980, deleted former sections 14.08 and 14.09 which pertained to the commissioners and mayor holding office when the present Charter was adopted and which were derived unamended from said Charter adopted on Feb. 24, 1959. Sec. 14.10. Continuance of contracts and public improvements. All contracts entered into by the city, or for its benefit, prior to the taking effect of this Charter, shall continue in full force and effect. Public improvements for which legislative steps have been taken under laws or charter provisions existing at the time this Charter takes effect may be carried to completion as nearly as practicable in accordance with the provisions of such existing laws and charter provisions. Sec. 14.11. Effect of charter on existing law. All ordinances, resolutions, rules and regulations now in force under the city government and not in conflict with any provisions of this Charter shall remain in force under this Charter until altered, amended or repealed by the council after this Charter takes effect. Sec. 14.12. Severable provisions. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause or phrase of this Charter, or the application thereof to any person or circumstance, is held invalid by a court of competent jurisdiction, such invalidity shall not affect any other provisions or applications of this Charter which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this Charter are declared severable. Created: 2025-11-14 07:48:21 [EST] (Supp. No. 36, Update 1) Page 3 of 3 Sec. 14.13. Amending the charter. Amendments to this Charter may be framed and submitted to the voters of the city in the manner provided by Vernon's Texas Codes Annotated, Texas Local Government Code Chapter 9 and all other applicable laws, as they now read or may hereafter be amended. (Ord. No. 99-057, Amend. No. 26, 2-16-99, ratified 5-1-99) Sec. 14.14. Submission of charter to electors. The Charter Commission in preparing this Charter finds and decides that it is impracticable to segregate each subject so as to permit a vote of "yes" or "no" on the same, for the reason that the Charter is so constructed that in order to enable it to work and function it is necessary that it should be adopted in its entirety. For these reasons the Charter Committee directs that this Charter be voted upon as a whole and that it shall be submitted to the qualified voters of the City of Denton at an election to be held for that purpose on the 24th day of February, 1959. Sec. 14.15. When provisions take effect. If a majority of the qualified voters voting in such election shall vote in favor of the adoption of this Charter the present city commission, after canvassing the returns, shall enter an official order upon the records of the city declaring the same adopted and this Charter shall be in full force and effect on and after the date of official adoption. We, the undersigned members of the Denton Charter Commission, heretofore duly elected to prepare a Charter for the City of Denton, Texas, do hereby certify that this publication constitutes a true copy of the proposed Charter for the City of Denton, Texas, as unanimously adopted by the members thereof. SAM B. McALISTER, Chairman STANLEY A. MUNSON, Vice Chairman ETHELYN DAVIS, Secretary Tom Harpool Walter B. McClurkan Don Robinson H. W. Kamp Roland Laney James R. Reed M. G. Ramey David Mulkey W. D. Barrow Mrs. W. F. "Pat" Hamilton Lee E. Johnson Paul P. Young Sec. 14.16. Boards and commissions. Members of boards and commissions of the City of Denton shall serve at the pleasure of the council. Members of such boards and commissions may be removed by the council only for cause and only after being given notice by the council. (Ord. No. 79-86, § 2, 12-11-79, ratified 1-19-80) CHARTER COMPARATIVE TABLE ORDINANCES CKRANJIAJP ?K@A PEPHA -,*CAJAN=H CKRANJIAJP OQ>PEPHA >*EJBKNI=PEKJ =J@ LH=JJEJC ?D=LPAN .,1-*CKRANJIAJP @K?QIAJPO(LQ>HE?=PEKJO(=J@ JKPE?AO OQ>?D=LPAN =*KBBE?E=H OA=HO Oa_*=.,1-*,,-*===@KLPEKJ KB OA=H*=_kiieooekj kn ^k]n‘ _na]pa‘^u op]pa h]s ]j‘]_kiieooekjan sdkoa kbbe_a eo _na]pa‘^u op]pa h]s i]u ]‘klp ]oa]h sepd sde_d pk ]ppaop ]j kbbe_e]h ‘k_qiajp(_anpebe_]pa(kn kpdan sneppaj l]lan* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* OQ>?D=LPAN >*L=LAN OQLLHEAO =J@ AMQELIAJP Oa_*=.,1-*,..*==OP=PA =CAJ?U PAHALDKJA JQI>AN NAMQENA@ KJ OP=PEKJANU*$]%=op]pa ]caj_u od]hh lnejp ]pahaldkja jqi^an bkn pda ]caj_u kj pda happanda]‘kb epo kbbe_e]h op]pekjanu* $^%==Ej pdeo oa_pekj(lop]pa ]caj_ul ia]jo6 $-%==]^k]n‘(_kiieooekj(‘al]npiajp(kbbe_a(kn kpdan ]caj_u ej pda ata_qpera ^n]j_d kb op]pa ckranjiajp pd]p s]o _na]pa‘ ^u pda _kjopepqpekj kn ]op]pqpa kb pda op]pa(ej_hq‘ejc ]j ejopepqpekj kb decdan a‘q_]pekj ]o 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pk pda atpajp pd]p pda cajan]h kn ola_e]h h]s namqenejc kn ]qpdknevejc pda lq^he_]pekj kb ]jkpe_a ej ] jasol]lan ^u ]ckranjiajp]h ajpepu kn nalnaoajp]pera ‘kao jkp ola_ebu pda i]jjan kb pda lq^he_]pekj(ej_hq‘ejc pda jqi^an kb peiao pd]p pda jkpe_a eo namqena‘pk ^a lq^heoda‘]j‘pda lanek‘ ‘qnejc sde_d pda jkpe_a eo namqena‘pk ^a lq^heoda‘* $^%==Pdeo oq^_d]lpan ‘kao jkp ]llhu pk pda lq^he_]pekj kb ] _ep]pekj pd]p nah]pao pk ]_ereh oqep ]j‘pk sde_d pda Pat]o Nqhao kb ?ereh Lnk_a‘qna ]llhu* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,0/*==LQ>HE?=PEKJ EJ =P HA=OP KJA EOOQA NAMQENA@* At_alp ]o lnkre‘a‘^u Oa_pekj .,1-*,02$^%kn .,1-*,04$‘%(]jkpe_a od]hh ^a lq^heoda‘ej ]p ha]op kja eooqa kb ]jasol]lan* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,00*==PULA KB JASOL=LAN NAMQENA@*$]%Pda jasol]lan ej sde_d ]jkpe_a eo lq^heoda‘iqop6 $-%==‘arkpa jkp haoo pd]j .1 lan_ajp kb epo pkp]h _khqij heja]ca pk cajan]h ejpanaop epaio7 $.%==^a lq^heoda‘]p ha]op kj_a 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kb cajan]h ejpanaop pk laklha ej pda / fqneo‘e_pekj kb pda ckranjiajp]h ajpepu7 ]j‘ $2%==ql‘]pao epo jaso ]p ha]op kj_a a]_d saag* $_%===saaghu jasol]lan d]o ^aaj lq^heoda‘nacqh]nhu ]j‘ _kjpejqkqohu qj‘an Oq^oa_pekj $^%eb pda jasol]lan kiepo jkp ikna pd]j psk eooqao ej pda -.)ikjpd lanek‘* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,,/(34pd Hac*(_d*--/,(Oa_*.(abb*Fqja .,(.,,/* =iaj‘a‘^u6 =_po .,--(4.j‘Hac*(N*O*(?d*324 $D*>*-4-.%(Oa_*-(abb* Fqja -3(.,--* =_po .,-3(41pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*355 $D*>*.541%(Oa_*-(abb* Oalpai^an -(.,-3* =_po .,./(44pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*200 $D*>*0115%(Oa_*20(abb* Oalpai^an -(.,./* =_po .,.1(45pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*1.$O*>*-,2.%(Oa_*-(abb* I]u -5(.,.1* Oa_*=.,1-*,01*==HAC=H N=PA ?D=NCA@ BKN LQ>HE?=PEKJ*Pda hac]h n]pa bkn lq^he_]pekj kb ]jkpe_a ej ]jasol]lan eo pda jasol]lan #o hksaop lq^heoda‘n]pa bkn _h]ooebea‘]‘ranpeoejc* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,02*==JKPE?A KB ?KQJPU*$]%=jkpe_a kb ]_kqjpu od]hh ^a lq^heoda‘ej ]jasol]lan lq^heoda‘ej pda _kqjpu pd]p sehh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ]p kn ^ahks pda hac]h n]pa* $^%==Eb jk jasol]lan pd]p sehh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ]p kn ^ahks pda hac]h n]pa eo lq^heoda‘ej pda _kqjpu(pda jkpe_a od]hh ^a lkopa‘]p pda ‘kkn kb pda _kqjpu _kqnpdkqoa* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,03*==JKPE?A KB ?ANP=EJ ?KJOANR=PEKJ =J@ NA?H=I=PEKJ @EOPNE?PO*=_kjoanr]pekj ]j‘na_h]i]pekj ‘eopne_p( kpdan pd]j ]neran ]qpdknepu(_na]pa‘qj‘an =npe_ha TRE(Oa_pekj 15(kb pda Pat]o ?kjopepqpekj pd]p bqnjeodao s]pan ]j‘oasan oanre_ao pk dkqoadkh‘qoano o]peobeao ]namqenaiajp kb cajan]h( ola_e]h(kn hk_]h h]s pk lq^heod jkpe_a ej ]jasol]lan kb cajan]h _en_qh]pekj ej pda _kqjpu ej sde_d pda ‘eopne_p eo hk_]pa‘^u lq^heodejc pda jkpe_a ej ]jasol]lan kb cajan]h _en_qh]pekj ej pda 0 ‘eopne_p* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,04*==JKPE?A KB KPDAN LKHEPE?=H OQ>@EREOEKJ*$]% Pdeo oa_pekj ]llheao kjhu pk ]lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj kpdan pd]j ] _kqjpu kn ]_kjoanr]pekj ]j‘na_h]i]pekj ‘eopne_p qj‘an Oa_pekj .,1-*,03* $^%===jkpe_a kb ]lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj od]hh ^a lq^heoda‘ ej ]jasol]lan pd]p eo lq^heoda‘ej pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj ]j‘ pd]p sehh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ]p kn ^ahks pda hac]h n]pa* $_%==Eb jk jasol]lan lq^heoda‘ej pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj sehh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ]p kn ^ahks pda hac]h n]pa(pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj od]hh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ej ]jasol]lan pd]p6 $-%==eo lq^heoda‘ej pda _kqjpu ej sde_d pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj eo hk_]pa‘7 ]j‘ $.%==sehh _d]nca pda hac]h n]pa kn ]hksan n]pa* $‘%==Eb jk jasol]lan lq^heoda‘ej pda _kqjpu ej sde_d pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj eo hk_]pa‘sehh lq^heod pda jkpe_a ]p kn ^ahks pda hac]h n]pa(pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj od]hh lkop pda jkpe_a ]p pda ‘kkn kb pda _kqjpu _kqnpdkqoa kb pda _kqjpu ej sde_d pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj eo hk_]pa‘* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,05*==OAHA?PEKJ KB JASOL=LAN*Pda ckranjiajp]h ajpepu kn nalnaoajp]pera namqena‘pk lq^heod ]jkpe_a ej ] jasol]lan od]hh oaha_p(ej ]__kn‘]j_a sepd pdeo oq^_d]lpan(kja kn ikna jasol]lano pk lq^heod pda jkpe_a* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,1,*==PEIA KB LQ>HE?=PEKJ*=jkpe_a iqop ^a lq^heoda‘ej ]jasol]lan eooqa‘]p ha]op kja ‘]u ^abkna pda k__qnnaj_a kb pda arajp pk sde_d pda jkpe_a nabano* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,1-*==>EHH BKN LQ>HE?=PEKJ*=jasol]lan pd]p lq^heodao ]jkpe_a od]hh oq^iep ]^ehh bkn pda lq^he_]pekj sepd ] _hellejc kb pda lq^heoda‘jkpe_a ]j‘]ranebea‘op]paiajp kb pda 1 lq^heodan pd]p6 $-%==op]pao pda n]pa _d]nca‘7 $.%==_anpebeao pd]p pda n]pa _d]nca‘eo pda jasol]lan #o hksaop lq^heoda‘n]pa bkn _h]ooebea‘]‘ranpeoejc7 ]j‘ $/%==_anpebeao pda jqi^an ]j‘‘]pao kb pda lq^he_]pekj* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,1.*==?=J?AHH=PEKJ KB LQ>HEODEJC ?KJPN=?P*Pda _kilpnkhhan kn ]‘eopne_p kn _kqjpu kbbe_e]h namqena‘pk lq^heod ] jkpe_a i]u _]j_ah ]_kjpn]_p ata_qpa‘^u pda _kilpnkhhan kn kbbe_e]h bkn pda lq^he_]pekj eb pda _kilpnkhhan kn kbbe_e]h ‘apaniejao pd]p pda jasol]lan _d]ncao ]n]pa decdan pd]j pda hac]h n]pa* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* =iaj‘a‘^u6 =_po .,,3(4,pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*5/3 $D*>*/12,%(Oa_*-*20( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,,3* Oa_*=.,1-*,1/*==NABQO=H KB JASOL=LAN PK LQ>HEOD JKPE?A KN ?EP=PEKJ*$]%Pda nabqo]h kb ]jasol]lan pk lq^heod(sepdkqp na_aerejc ]‘r]j_a l]uiajp bkn i]gejc pda lq^he_]pekj(]jkpe_a kn _ep]pekj ej ]op]pa _kqnp lnk_aa‘ejc ej sde_d pda op]pa kn ] lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj kb pda op]pa eo ]l]npu ]j‘ej sde_d pda _kop kb pda lq^he_]pekj eo pk ^a _d]nca‘]o baao kn _kopo kb pda lnk_aa‘ejc eo _kjoe‘ana‘]j qjmq]hebea‘nabqo]h pk lq^heod pda jkpe_a kn _ep]pekj* $^%==Pda osknj op]paiajp kb pda jasol]lan #o lq^heodan kn pda lanokj kbbanejc pk ejoanp pda jkpe_a kn _ep]pekj ej pda jasol]lan eo oq^fa_p pk na_kn‘]o lnkkb kb pda nabqo]h* =‘‘a‘^u =_po -55/(3/n‘Hac*(_d*.24(Oa_*-(abb*Oalp*-(-55/* Oa_*=.,1-*,10*==EJPANJAP LQ>HE?=PEKJ KB JKPE?AO* $]%==Oq^oa_pekjo $^%$.%]j‘$_%]llhu kjhu eb pda Pat]o Lnaoo =ook_e]pekj i]ejp]ejo ]j Ejpanjap sa^oepa ]o ]op]pase‘a nalkoepknu kb jkpe_ao* $^%===jasol]lan pd]p lq^heodao ]jkpe_a od]hh(]p jk ]‘‘epekj]h _kop pk pda ckranjiajp]h ajpepu lh]_ejc pda jkpe_a6 2 $-%==lq^heod pda jkpe_a kj kja kn ikna sa^l]cao kj pda jasol]lan #o Ejpanjap sa^oepa(eb pda jasol]lan i]ejp]ejo ]sa^oepa( pd]p ]na6 $=%==_ha]nhu ‘aoecj]pa‘bkn jkpe_ao7 ]j‘ $>%==]__aooe^ha pk pda lq^he_]p jk _kop7 ]j‘ $.%==‘aheran pda jkpe_a pk pda Pat]o Lnaoo =ook_e]pekj bkn pda ]ook_e]pekj pk lq^heod kj pda ]ook_e]pekj #o Ejpanjap sa^oepa ‘ao_ne^a‘^u Oq^oa_pekj $]%* $_%==Pda Pat]o Lnaoo =ook_e]pekj od]hh lq^heod a]_d jkpe_a ep na_aerao bnki ]jasol]lan qj‘an Oq^oa_pekj $^%$.%kj pda ]ook_e]pekj #o Ejpanjap sa^oepa ‘ao_ne^a‘^u Oq^oa_pekj $]%*Pda ]ook_e]pekj iqop ajoqna pd]p pda sa^oepa6 $-%==eo ]__aooe^ha pk pda lq^he_]p jk _kop7 $.%==eo ql‘]pa‘]o jkpe_ao ]na na_aera‘7 $/%==eo oa]n_d]^ha ]j‘oknp]^ha ^u oq^fa_p i]ppan( hk_]pekj(]j‘^kpd oq^fa_p i]ppan ]j‘hk_]pekj7 ]j‘ $0%==kbbano ]j a)i]eh jkpebe_]pekj oanre_a pk sde_d ] lanokj i]u aha_pnkje_]hhu oq^o_ne^a pk na_aera jkpebe_]pekjo pd]p ] jkpe_a d]o ^aaj lq^heoda‘kj pda sa^oepa ]j‘pd]p ]hhkso pda oq^o_ne^an pk heiep pda jkpebe_]pekjo ^u oq^fa_p i]ppan(hk_]pekj( kn ^kpd oq^fa_p i]ppan ]j‘hk_]pekj* $‘%===lanokj namqena‘pk lq^heod ]jkpe_a kj ]j Ejpanjap sa^oepa qj‘an pdeo oa_pekj od]hh ]n_dera pda jkpe_a kj pda sa^oepa ej epo ajpenapu(ej_hq‘ejc pda ‘]pa pda jkpe_a eo lq^heoda‘* $a%==Pda r]he‘epu kb ]jkpe_a lnejpa‘ej ]jasol]lan ]j‘ lq^heoda‘kj ]j Ejpanjap sa^oepa qj‘an pdeo oa_pekj eo jkp ]bba_pa‘ eb6 $-%==pdana eo ]j annkn ej pda jkpe_a lq^heoda‘kj pda sa^oepa7 kn $.%==lq^he_]pekj kb pda jkpe_a kj pda sa^oepa eo pailkn]nehu lnarajpa‘]o pda naoqhp kb ]pa_dje_]h eooqa sepd pda sa^oepa* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,./(44pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*.05 $O*>*50/%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,./* OQ>?D=LPAN @*CAKOL=PE=H @=P=LNK@Q?PO 3 Oa_*=.,1-*-,-*==@ABEJEPEKJO*Ej pdeo oq^_d]lpan6 $-%==lCakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_pl ia]jo ]‘k_qiajp( _kilqpan beha(kn Ejpanjap sa^oepa pd]p _kjp]ejo6 $=%==cakol]pe]h ‘]p]7 $>%==]i]l7 kn $?%==ejbkni]pekj ]^kqp ]oanre_a ejrkhrejc cakol]pe]h ‘]p]kn ]i]l* $.%==lCkranjiajp]h ajpepul d]o pda ia]jejc ]ooecja‘^u Oa_pekj .,1-*,0-* $/%==lNaceopana‘lnkbaooekj]h h]j‘oqnrauknl d]o pda ia]jejc ]ooecja‘^u Oa_pekj -,3-*,,.(K__ql]pekjo ?k‘a* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,--(4.j‘Hac*(N*O*(?d*-.3 $D*>*--03%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,--* Oa_*=.,1-*-,.*==JKPE?A NAMQENA@*$]%===ckranjiajp]h ajpepu od]hh ej_hq‘a ]jkpe_a ]o lnkre‘a‘^u pdeo oq^_d]lpan kj a]_d cakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_p pd]p6 $-%==eo _na]pa‘kn dkopa‘^u pda ckranjiajp]h ajpepu7 $.%==]lla]no pk nalnaoajp lnklanpu ^kqj‘]neao7 ]j‘ $/%==s]o jkp lnk‘q_a‘qoejc ejbkni]pekj bnki ]j kj)pda)cnkqj‘oqnrau _kj‘q_pa‘^u kn qj‘an pda oqlanreoekj kb ] naceopana‘lnkbaooekj]h h]j‘oqnraukn kn h]j‘oqnraukn ]qpdkneva‘ pk lanbkni oqnrauo qj‘an h]so ej abba_p sdaj pda oqnrau s]o _kj‘q_pa‘* $^%==Pda jkpe_a namqena‘qj‘an Oq^oa_pekj $]%iqop ^a ej oq^op]jpe]hhu pda bkhhksejc bkni6 Pdeo lnk‘q_p eo bkn ejbkni]pekj]h lqnlkoao ]j‘i]u jkp d]ra ^aaj lnal]na‘bkn kn ^a oqep]^ha bkn hac]h(ajcejaanejc(kn oqnrauejc lqnlkoao*Ep ‘kao jkp nalnaoajp ]j kj)pda)cnkqj‘oqnrau ]j‘nalnaoajpo kjhu pda ]llnktei]pa nah]pera hk_]pekj kb lnklanpu ^kqj‘]neao* $_%==Pda jkpe_a namqena‘qj‘an Oq^oa_pekj $]%i]u6 $-%==ej_hq‘a h]jcq]ca bqnpdan ‘abejejc pda heiepo kb he]^ehepu kb ]cakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_p lnk‘q_an7 $.%==]llhu pk ]cakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_p pd]p _kjp]ejo ikna pd]j kja i]l7 kn $/%==bkn ]jkpe_a pd]p ]llheao pk ]cakol]pe]h ‘]p] 4 lnk‘q_p pd]p eo kn eo kj ]j Ejpanjap sa^oepa(^a ej_hq‘a‘kj ] oal]n]pa l]ca pd]p namqenao pda lanokj ]__aooejc pda sa^oepa pk ]cnaa pk pda panio kb pda jkpe_a ^abkna ]__aooejc pda cakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_p* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,--(4.j‘Hac*(N*O*(?d*-.3 $D*>*--03%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,--* Oa_*=.,1-*-,/*==ATAILPEKJ*=ckranjiajp]h ajpepu eo jkp namqena‘pk ej_hq‘a pda jkpe_a namqena‘qj‘an Oa_pekj .,1-*-,.kj ] cakol]pe]h ‘]p]lnk‘q_p pd]p6 $-%==‘kao jkp _kjp]ej ]hac]h ‘ao_nelpekj(]lnklanpu ^kqj‘]nu ikjqiajp(kn pda ‘eop]j_a ]j‘‘ena_pekj kb ]lnklanpu heja7 $.%==eo lnal]na‘kjhu bkn qoa ]o are‘aj_a ej ]hac]h lnk_aa‘ejc7 $/%==eo beha‘sepd pda _hang kb ]ju _kqnp7 kn $0%==eo beha‘sepd pda _kqjpu _hang* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,--(4.j‘Hac*(N*O*(?d*-.3 $D*>*--03%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,--* OQ>?D=LPAN A*QJEBKNI AHA?PNKJE?HAC=H I=PANE=H =?P Oa_*=.,1-*-1-*==ODKNP PEPHA*==Pdeo oq^_d]lpan i]u ^a _epa‘ ]o pda Qjebkni Aha_pnkje_Hac]h I]pane]h =_p* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-1.*==@ABEJEPEKJO*==Ej pdeo oq^_d]lpan6 $-%==lAha_pnkje_l ia]jo nah]pejc pk pa_djkhkcu d]rejc aha_pne_]h(‘ecep]h(i]cjape_(senahaoo(klpe_]h(aha_pnki]cjape_( kn oeieh]n _]l]^ehepeao* $.%==lHac]h i]pane]hl ia]jo(sdapdan kn jkp ej abba_p6 $=%==pda _kjopepqpekj kb pdeo op]pa7 $>%==pda cajan]h kn ola_e]h h]so l]ooa‘ej ] nacqh]n kn ola_e]h oaooekj kb pda Pat]o Haceoh]pqna7 ]j‘ $?%==]op]pa ]caj_u nqha ]‘klpa‘ej ]__kn‘]j_a sepd ?d]lpan .,,-* 5 $/%==lKbbe_e]h lq^heodanl ia]jo6 $=%==bkn hac]h i]pane]h ‘ao_ne^a‘^u Oq^‘ereoekj $.%$=%(pda Pat]o Haceoh]pera ?kqj_eh7 ]j‘ $>%==bkn hac]h i]pane]h ‘ao_ne^a‘^u Oq^‘ereoekj $.%$>%kn $?%(pda oa_nap]nu kb op]pa* $0%==lLq^heodl ia]jo ‘eolh]uejc(lnaoajpejc(kn naha]oejc pk pda lq^he_(kn _]qoejc pk ^a ‘eolh]ua‘(lnaoajpa‘(kn naha]oa‘pk pda lq^he_(hac]h i]pane]h ^u pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan* $1%==lNa_kn‘l ia]jo ejbkni]pekj pd]p eo ejo_ne^a‘kj ] p]jce^ha ia‘eqi kn pd]p eo opkna‘ej ]j aha_pnkje_kn kpdan ia‘eqi ]j‘eo napnear]^ha ej lan_aer]^ha bkni* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-1/*===LLHE?=>EHEPU*$]%==Pdeo oq^_d]lpan ]llheao pk ]hh hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘pd]p eo6 $-%==‘aoecj]pa‘]o kbbe_e]h ^u pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan qj‘an Oa_pekj .,1-*-107 ]j‘ $.%==benop lq^heoda‘aha_pnkje_]hhu ^u pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan kj kn ]bpan F]jq]nu -(.,.-* $^%==Pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan eo jkp namqena‘pk lq^heod hac]h i]pane]h kj kn ^abkna pda ‘]pa kj sde_d pda hac]h i]pane]h p]gao abba_p* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-10*==HAC=H I=PANE=H EJ KBBE?E=H AHA?PNKJE? NA?KN@*$]%==Eb pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan lq^heodao hac]h i]pane]h kjhu ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘(pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan od]hh6 $-%==‘aoecj]pa pda aha_pnkje_na_kn‘]o kbbe_e]h7 ]j‘ $.%==_kilhu sepd Oa_pekjo .,1-*-11(.,1-*-13(]j‘ .,1-*-14* $^%==Eb pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan lq^heodao hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘]j‘]hok lq^heodao pda i]pane]h ej ]na_kn‘kpdan pd]j ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘(pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan i]u ‘aoecj]pa pda aha_pnkje_na_kn‘]o kbbe_e]h eb pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan _kilheao sepd Oa_pekjo .,1-*-11(.,1-*-13(]j‘.,1-*-14* -, =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-11*===QPDAJPE?=PEKJ KB KBBE?E=H AHA?PNKJE? NA?KN@*$]%==Eb pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan ‘aoecj]pao ]j aha_pnkje_ na_kn‘]o kbbe_e]h ej ]__kn‘]j_a sepd Oa_pekj .,1-*-10(pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan od]hh ]qpdajpe_]pa pda na_kn‘* $^%==Pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan ]qpdajpe_]pao ]j aha_pnkje_ na_kn‘^u lnkre‘ejc ]iapdk‘sepd sde_d ]lanokj reasejc pda aha_pnkje_na_kn‘eo ]^ha pk ‘apanieja pd]p pda aha_pnkje_na_kn‘ eo qj]hpana‘bnki pda kbbe_e]h na_kn‘lq^heoda‘^u pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-12*==ABBA?P KB =QPDAJPE?=PEKJ*$]%==Hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘pd]p eo ]qpdajpe_]pa‘]o lnkre‘a‘ ^u Oa_pekj .,1-*-11 eo lnaoqia‘pk ^a ]j ]__qn]pa _klu kb pda hac]h i]pane]h* $^%==Eb ]jkpdan op]pa d]o ]‘klpa‘]h]s pd]p eo oq^op]jpe]hhu oeieh]n pk pdeo oq^_d]lpan(hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘ pd]p eo ]qpdajpe_]pa‘ej pd]p op]pa eo lnaoqia‘pk ^a ]j ]__qn]pa _klu kb pda hac]h i]pane]h* $_%===l]npu _kjpaopejc pda ]qpdajpe_epu kb hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘]qpdajpe_]pa‘]o lnkre‘a‘^u Oa_pekj .,1-*-11 d]o pda ^qn‘aj kb lnkrejc ^u ]lnalkj‘an]j_a kb pda are‘aj_a pd]p pda na_kn‘eo jkp ]qpdajpe_* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-13*==LNAOANR=PEKJ =J@ OA?QNEPU KB HAC=H I=PANE=H EJ KBBE?E=H AHA?PNKJE?NA?KN@*$]%==Pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan kb hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘‘aoecj]pa‘]o kbbe_e]h ej ]__kn‘]j_a sepd Oa_pekj .,1-*-10 od]hh lnkre‘a bkn pda lnaoanr]pekj ]j‘oa_qnepu kb pda na_kn‘ej ]j aha_pnkje_bkni kn ej ]bkni pd]p eo jkp aha_pnkje_* $^%==Eb hac]h i]pane]h eo lnaoanra‘qj‘an Oq^oa_pekj $]%ej -- ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘(pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan od]hh6 $-%==ajoqna pda ejpacnepu kb pda na_kn‘7 $.%==lnkre‘a bkn ^]_gql ]j‘‘eo]opan na_kranu kb pda na_kn‘7 ]j‘ $/%==ajoqna pda _kjpejqejc qo]^ehepu kb pda hac]h i]pane]h ej pda na_kn‘* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-14*==LQ>HE?=??AOO*==Pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan kb hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘pd]p eo namqena‘pk ^a lnaoanra‘qj‘an Oa_pekj .,1-*-13 od]hh ajoqna pd]p pda i]pane]h eo na]okj]^hu ]r]eh]^ha bkn qoa ^u pda lq^he_kj ]lani]jajp ^]oeo* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-15*==OP=J@=N@O*==Ej eilhaiajpejc pdeo oq^_d]lpan(pda kbbe_e]h lq^heodan kb hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘od]hh _kjoe‘an6 $-%==pda op]j‘]n‘o ]j‘ln]_pe_ao kb kpdan fqneo‘e_pekjo7 $.%==pda ikop na_ajp op]j‘]n‘o nac]n‘ejc ]qpdajpe_]pekj(lnaoanr]pekj(]j‘oa_qnepu kb ]j‘lq^he_]__aoo pk hac]h i]pane]h ej ]j aha_pnkje_na_kn‘]j‘kpdan aha_pnkje_ na_kn‘o(]o ]‘klpa‘^u j]pekj]h op]j‘]n‘)oappejc ^k‘eao7 $/%==pda jaa‘o kb qoano kb hac]h i]pane]h ej aha_pnkje_ na_kn‘o7 $0%==pda reaso kb ckranjiajp]h kbbe_e]ho ]j‘ajpepeao ]j‘kpdan ejpanaopa‘lanokjo7 ]j‘ $1%==pk pda atpajp ln]_pe_]^ha(pda iapdk‘o ]j‘ pa_djkhkceao bkn pda ]qpdajpe_]pekj(lnaoanr]pekj(]j‘oa_qnepu kb ]j‘lq^he_]__aoo pk hac]h i]pane]h pd]p ]na _kil]pe^ha sepd pda iapdk‘o ]j‘pa_djkhkceao qoa‘^u kbbe_e]h lq^heodano ej kpdan op]pao pd]p d]ra ]‘klpa‘]h]s pd]p eo oq^op]jpe]hhu oeieh]n pk pdeo oq^_d]lpan* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* -. Oa_*=.,1-*-2,*==QJEBKNIEPU KB =LLHE?=PEKJ =J@ ?KJOPNQ?PEKJ*==Ej ]llhuejc ]j‘_kjopnqejc pdeo oq^_d]lpan( _kjoe‘an]pekj iqop ^a ceraj pk pda jaa‘pk lnkikpa qjebkniepu kb pda h]s sepd naola_p pk pda oq^fa_p i]ppan kb pdeo oq^_d]lpan ]ikjc op]pao pd]p aj]_p ]h]s oeieh]n pk pdeo oq^_d]lpan* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Oa_*=.,1-*-2-*==NAH=PEKJ PK AHA?PNKJE?OECJ=PQNAO EJ CHK>=H =J@ J=PEKJ=H ?KIIAN?A =?P*==Pdeo oq^_d]lpan ik‘ebeao(heiepo(]j‘ oqlanoa‘ao pda ba‘an]h Aha_pnkje_Oecj]pqnao ej Chk^]h ]j‘J]pekj]h ?kiian_a =_p $-1 Q*O*?*Oa_pekj 3,,-ap oam*%^qp ‘kao jkp ik‘ebu( heiep(kn oqlanoa‘a Oa_pekj -,-$_%kb pd]p =_p $-1 Q*O*?*Oa_pekj 3,,-$_%%kn ]qpdkneva aha_pnkje_‘aheranu kb ]ju kb pda jkpe_ao ‘ao_ne^a‘ej Oa_pekj -,/$^%kb pd]p =_p $-1 Q*O*?*Oa_pekj 3,,/$^%%* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-15 $D*>*0,.%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* OQ>?D=LPAN B*EJPANJAP SA>OEPA Oa_*=.,1-*.,-*==EJBKNI=PEKJ NAMQENA@ KJ SA>OEPA*$]%Pdeo oa_pekj ]llheao kjhu pk ]lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj sepd pda ]qpdknepu pk eilkoa ]p]t pd]p6 $-%==]p ]ju peia kj kn ]bpan F]jq]nu -(.,-5(i]ejp]eja‘ ]lq^he_hu ]__aooe^ha Ejpanjap sa^oepa7 ]j‘ $.%==eo jkp oq^fa_p pk Oa_pekj .,1-*.,.* $^%===lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj pk sde_d pdeo oa_pekj ]llheao od]hh lkop kj ]lq^he_hu ]__aooe^ha Ejpanjap sa^oepa pda bkhhksejc ejbkni]pekj6 $-%==pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj #o _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj( ej_hq‘ejc ]i]ehejc ]‘‘naoo(pahaldkja jqi^an(]j‘a)i]eh ]‘‘naoo7 $.%==a]_d aha_pa‘kbbe_an kb pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj7 $/%==pda ‘]pa ]j‘hk_]pekj kb pda jatp aha_pekj bkn kbbe_ano kb pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj7 $0%==pda namqenaiajpo ]j‘‘a]‘heja bkn behejc bkn -/ _]j‘e‘]_u kb a]_d aha_pa‘kbbe_a kb pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj( sde_d od]hh ^a _kjpejqkqohu lkopa‘bkn ]p ha]op kja ua]n ^abkna pda aha_pekj ‘]u bkn pda kbbe_a7 $1%==a]_d jkpe_a kb ]iaapejc kb pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj #o ckranjejc ^k‘u qj‘an Oq^_d]lpan ?(?d]lpan 11-7 ]j‘ $2%==a]_d na_kn‘kb ]iaapejc kb pda lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj #o ckranjejc ^k‘u qj‘an Oa_pekj 11-*,.-* $_%==Oq^oa_pekjo $^%$1%]j‘$2%‘k jkp ]llhu pk6 $-%==]_kqjpu sepd ]lklqh]pekj kb haoo pd]j -,(,,,7 $.%==]iqje_el]hepu sepd ]lklqh]pekj kb haoo pd]j 1(,,,hk_]pa‘ej ]_kqjpu sepd ]lklqh]pekj kb haoo pd]j .1(,,,7 kn $/%==]o_dkkh ‘eopne_p sepd ]lklqh]pekj kb haoo pd]j 1(,,,ej pda ‘eopne_p #o ^kqj‘]neao ]j‘hk_]pa‘ej ]_kqjpu sepd ] lklqh]pekj kb haoo pd]j .1(,,,* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,-5(42pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*-,.5 $D*>*/,1%(Oa_*-( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,-5* Na‘aoecj]pa‘]j‘]iaj‘a‘^u =_po .,.-(43pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*203 $D*>*--10%(Oa_*/(abb*Oalpai^an -(.,.-* Oa_*=.,1-*.,.*==BEJ=J?E=H =J@ KLAN=PEJC EJBKNI=PEKJ KB OLA?E=H LQNLKOA @EOPNE?PO*$]%Ej pdeo oa_pekj(lola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_pl ia]jo ]lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj kb pdeo op]pa sepd cakcn]lde_^kqj‘]neao pd]p ‘abeja pda oq^‘ereoekj #o pannepkne]h fqneo‘e_pekj*Pda pani ‘kao jkp ej_hq‘a ]iqje_el]hepu(_kqjpu( fqjekn _khhaca ‘eopne_p(ej‘alaj‘ajp o_dkkh ‘eopne_p(cnkqj‘s]pan _kjoanr]pekj ‘eopne_p(neran ]qpdknepu(kn lkhepe_]h oq^‘ereoekj sepd op]pase‘a fqneo‘e_pekj* $^%==Pdeo oa_pekj ]llheao kjhu pk ]ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p pd]p6 $-%==eo ]qpdkneva‘^u pda op]pa ^u ]cajan]h kn ola_e]h h]s pk eilkoa ]j ]‘r]hknai p]t7 $.%==‘qnejc pda ikop na_ajp beo_]h ua]n eilkoa‘]j ]‘ r]hknai p]t7 $/%==‘qnejc pda ikop na_ajp beo_]h ua]n6 $=%==d]‘^kj‘o kqpop]j‘ejc7 $>%==d]‘cnkoo na_aelpo bnki klan]pekjo(hk]jo( p]tao(kn _kjpne^qpekjo ej at_aoo kb i.1,(,,,7 kn -0 $?%==d]‘_]od ]j‘pailkn]nu ejraopiajpo ej at_aoo kb i.1,(,,,7 ]j‘ $0%==]p pda ^acejjejc kb pda ikop na_ajp beo_]h ua]n( d]‘]lklqh]pekj kb 1,,kn ikna(]o ‘apanieja‘^u pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p* $_%==Jkpsepdop]j‘ejc Oq^oa_pekjo $]%]j‘$^%(pdeo oa_pekj ]llheao pk ]‘eopne_p _na]pa‘]j‘klan]pejc qj‘an ?d]lpan /43( Hk_]h Ckranjiajp ?k‘a* $‘%===ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p od]hh lkop kn _]qoa pk ^a lkopa‘kj ]j Ejpanjap sa^oepa pda bkhhksejc ejbkni]pekj(eb ]llhe_]^ha6 $-%==pda j]ia kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p7 $.%==pda j]ia ]j‘pani kb kbbe_a kb a]_d iai^an kb pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p7 $/%==pda _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj bkn pda i]ej kbbe_a kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p(ej_hq‘ejc pda lduoe_]h ]‘‘naoo(pda i]ehejc ]‘‘naoo(]j‘pda pahaldkja jqi^an7 $0%==pda kbbe_e]h _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj bkn a]_d iai^an kb pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p7 $1%==eb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p ailhkuo ]lanokj ]o ]cajan]h i]j]can kn ata_qpera ‘ena_pkn(kn ej ]jkpdan lkoepekj pk lanbkni ‘qpeao kn bqj_pekjo _kil]n]^ha pk pdkoa kb ]cajan]h i]j]can kn ata_qpera ‘ena_pkn(pda j]ia kb pda cajan]h i]j]can( ata_qpera ‘ena_pkn(kn lanokj pd]p lanbknio pdkoa ‘qpeao7 $2%==eb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p _kjpn]_po sepd ] qpehepu klan]pkn(pda _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj bkn ]lanokj nalnaoajpejc pda qpehepu klan]pkn(ej_hq‘ejc ]i]ehejc ]‘‘naoo ]j‘pahaldkja jqi^an7 $3%==eb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p _kjpn]_po sepd ] p]t ]ooaookn)_khha_pkn(pda _kjp]_p ejbkni]pekj bkn ]lanokj nalnaoajpejc pda p]t ]ooaookn)_khha_pkn(ej_hq‘ejc ]i]ehejc ]‘‘naoo ]j‘pahaldkja jqi^an7 $4%==eb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p eilkoao ]j ]‘ r]hknai p]t(pda n]pa kb pda ]‘r]hknai p]t kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p7 $5%==eb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p eilkoao ]o]hao ]j‘qoa p]t(pda n]pa kb pda o]hao ]j‘qoa p]t kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa -1 ‘eopne_p7 $-,%==]ju jkpe_a kb p]t da]nejc namqena‘pk ^a ceraj qj‘an ?d]lpan .2(P]t ?k‘a(kn Oa_pekj 05*./2(S]pan ?k‘a7 $--%==pda hk_]pekj ]j‘o_da‘qha kb iaapejco kb pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p7 $-.%==]op]paiajp oq^op]jpe]hhu oeieh]n pk pda bkhhksejc6 lNaoe‘ajpo kb pda ‘eopne_p d]ra pda necdp pk namqaop pda ‘aoecj]pekj kb ]iaapejc hk_]pekj sepdej pda ‘eopne_p qj‘an Oa_pekj 05*,2.$c%(S]pan ?k‘a*=‘ao_nelpekj kb pdeo lnk_aoo _]j ^a bkqj‘]p $ejoanp hejg pk pda Ejpanjap sa^oepa ‘ao_ne^a‘^u Oa_pekj 05*,2.$c%(S]pan ?k‘a%*l7 $-/%==a]_d jkpe_a kb ]iaapejc kb pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p qj‘an Oq^_d]lpan ?(?d]lpan 11-(bkn iaapejco _kj‘q_pa‘ej pda _qnnajp _]haj‘]n ua]n ]j‘pda eiia‘e]pahu lna_a‘ejc _]haj‘]n ua]n7 $-0%==pda iejqpao kb ]lq^he_iaapejc kb pda ckranjejc ^k‘u kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p qj‘an Oa_pekj 11-*,.-bkn iaapejco _kj‘q_pa‘ej pda _qnnajp _]haj‘]n ua]n ]j‘pda eiia‘e]pahu lna_a‘ejc _]haj‘]n ua]n7 ]j‘ $-1%==pda ikop na_ajp bej]j_e]h ]q‘ep kb pda ola_e]h lqnlkoa ‘eopne_p* Na‘aoecj]pa‘]j‘]iaj‘a‘^u =_po .,.-(43pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*203 $D*>*--10%(Oa_*/(abb*Oalpai^an -(.,.-* OQ>?D=LPAN C*REP=H OP=PEOPE?O EJBKNI=PEKJ ?KHHA?PEKJ Oa_*=.,1-*.1-*==@ABEJEPEKJ*==Ej pdeo oq^_d]lpan( lckranjiajp]h ajpepul d]o pda ia]jejc ]ooecja‘^u Oa_pekj .,1-*,0-* =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,.1(45pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*10/$D*>*..5%(Oa_*/( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,.1* Oa_*=.,1-*.1.*==REP=H OP=PEOPE?O EJBKNI=PEKJ ?KHHA?PEKJ >U CKRANJIAJP=H AJPEPU*===ckranjiajp]h ajpepu pd]p _khha_po rep]h op]peope_o ejbkni]pekj pd]p e‘ajpebeao pda oat kb ]j ej‘ere‘q]h bkn pda lqnlkoa kb _kilhuejc sepd ]jpe‘eo_neiej]pekj h]so kn bkn pda lqnlkoa kb c]pdanejc lq^he_da]hpd(_neia(a_kjkie_(kn kpdan ‘]p] od]hh e‘ajpebu a]_d ej‘ere‘q]h ]o aepdan i]ha kn bai]ha* -2 =‘‘a‘^u =_po .,.1(45pd Hac*(N*O*(?d*10/$D*>*..5%(Oa_*/( abb*Oalpai^an -(.,.1* -3